EH1

Question 1

What are the 4 ethical principals?

Answer 1

Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice

Question 2

Describe autonomy

Answer 2

Patient has a say in their own treatment

Question 3

Describe non-maleficence

Answer 3

Not doing harm

Question 4

Define justice

Answer 4

All are equally treated

Question 5

When can justice (or treating all equally) be controversial

Answer 5

When we are trying to be just with limited resources/time/budget in society

Question 6

Describe ethics (generally)

Answer 6

Standards of right or wrong (personally and in society) that prescribe what humans ought to do

Question 7

What makes up ethics (generally)

Answer 7

Morals (personal, cannot be taught) and standards (created by society and how our profession interacts with society)

Question 8

Describe altruism

Answer 8

Having interest and concern for the well-being of others in society

Question 9

Describe how ethics applies to healthcare

Answer 9

We want to help society and patients but also need to ensure that we utilise our resources as best as possible. This can lead to potential problems when distributing limited resources/money among healthcare.

Question 10

What 3 elements make up Autonomy

Answer 10

1. Threshold element
2. Information elements
3. Consent elements

Question 11

Describe the threshold element of autonomy

Answer 11

Ensuring patient competence of any potential treatments/procedures

Question 12

Describe both information elements of autonomy

Answer 12

1. Disclosure of information:
   All appropriate information is disclosed
2. Understanding of information:
   The information is presented in such a way that the patient understands all of it

Question 13

Describe both consent elements of autonomy

Answer 13

1. Voluntariness:
   The decision is being made of a person’s free will
2. Authorisation:
   May need to discuss with family members - who will be giving authorisation and consent? May need to be formal (written and/or signed)