Egypt

Question 1

What are the 8 centers of civilization?

Answer 1

China
India
Mesopotamia
Near East
Kush
Nubia
Anatolia
Greece

Question 2

What existed outside of the 8 centers?

Answer 2

Pastoralists peoples

Question 3

What are pastoralists peoples?

Answer 3

“barbarian” tribes that were backwards when compared to established civilizations

Question 4

What characteristics did pastoralists peoples share?

Answer 4

did not practice agriculture
every necessity came from animals
constantly on the move to keep the animals grazing (were not tied to their land)
didn’t own property which meant no hierarchy
did not read/write
not artistic
excelled at war, loved to fight, developed superior military technologies to give them the advantage
destroyed or conquered civilizations, had huge impact on world civilization

Question 5

When did Mesopotamia rise?

Answer 5

3500 BC

Question 6

How did Mesopotamia begin their civilization?

Answer 6

began along large rivers (Tigris and Euphrates) that gave fresh water for people, food, fertile soils, and highways

Question 7

What did people of Mesopotamia develop?

Answer 7

rise of major city-states and urban people (consisting of 50,000 people)
had complex government codes
concentration of tech like the sail and system of writing

Question 8

When did Egypt rise?

Answer 8

3100 BC

Question 9

What did Egypt have?

Answer 9

Nile River

Question 10

How was the Nile River an advantage for Egypt?

Answer 10

longest river on earth
was predictable, people knew when it would rise from floods and deplete and leave behind fertile mud
easy to harness (use water for drinking and feeding crops)
easy to construct irrigation systems
leaves behind fertile mud to produce large amounts of food that leads to large population and ability to make money on surplus of food

Question 11

Why was the Nile River easy to navigate?

Answer 11

Going North, the flow of current pushes you

Going South, the flow of winds pushes you

Question 12

Egypt was the worlds first what?

Answer 12

nation state (large country)

Question 13

Who was Narmer?

Answer 13

AKA Menes
the first man to unify Egypt, the first pharaoh
made Egypt an absolute monarchy, so King could exercise absolute power (a God on earth)

Question 14

Why was Egypts geographical location good?

Answer 14

They were safe from attack since they were plotted in the middle of the desert

Question 15

What was Egypt blessed with?

Answer 15

Gold, silver, and papyrus (a reed that grow along Nile, and the Nile only for paper making)
made Egypt wealthy

Question 16

What are the three periods of Egypt?

Answer 16

Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom

Question 17

What was Egypt characterized by?

Answer 17

The three Ps
Peace: they were the chosen people by the gods, considering the advantages of Egypt
Prosperity: Wealthiest place on earth
Pyramids: demonstrated their powers/abilities

Question 18

What are pyramids used for and when were they built?

Answer 18

a tomb for pharaohs
monuments of power
built during Old and Middle Kingdom

Question 19

When did “all things come to an end” and why?

Answer 19

1652 -1551 BC

Egypt was attacked by a pastoralists people, the Hyksos

Question 20

What did the Hyksos develop?

Answer 20

a longer, stronger sword with reach advantage
a superior bow, firing bows further
developed body armer made of bronze
developed the chariot

Question 21

Why did Egypt fall to the Hyksos?

Answer 21

Egypt didn’t have a military, didn’t think they needed it, it wasn’t a noble profession

Question 22

Who was the Egyptian pharaoh who gained Egypt back? How did he do it?

Answer 22

Ahmose I, 1567-1542
He adopted the technologies of the Hyksos
revamped the Egyptian army
He lead Egypt into the New Kingdom

Question 23

Why was the New Kingdom different?

Answer 23

Had a professional army of 20,000 men
Pharaoh is now a warrior king who leads the army
Being a soldier becomes noble

Question 24

How was the army built and what was its purpose?

Answer 24

had 4 units of 5,000 foot soldiers, named after 4 gods
has newest tech
new unit of chariots with 3500 teams totaling 27,000 men
Purpose is to conquer an empire and expand beyond the Nile
allows them to control lands as buffer zones
makes Egypt safer

Question 25

Who were the two greatest queen/pharaoh of all time?

Answer 25

Hatshepsut, 1478-1458

Thutmosis III, 1458-1425

Question 26

Who was Hatshepsut?

Answer 26

First woman to rule Egypt, first woman ruler of world
aunt and stepmother to Thutmosis III
was removed by Thutmosis III and attempted to be erased from history so she didn’t have an afterlife

Question 27

What was the goal of Thutmosis III and what was the result?

Answer 27

goal was to conquer into the Near East
city-states of Near East joined to resist Egyptians
resulted in the Battle of Meggido in 1457

Question 28

What was the battle of Meggido?

Answer 28

led by Thutmosis III
took the more difficult but shorter northern path through the mountains and surprises the enemies by his speed
defeats the enemy and conquers all of Near East
first and only pharaoh to cross Euphrates into Mesopotamia
in 1425 becomes greatest pharaoh when he conquers the most land ever

Question 29

Who was Amenhotep IV?

Answer 29

1364-1347
AKA Akhenaten
beloved the Egyptian priest were too powerful, too wealthy so developed a monotheistic god, Amen to remove the power of the priests
didn’t last long

Question 30

What was Rameses II?

Answer 30

1279-1213, longest running pharaoh AKA Rameses the Great

found out that previously conquered territories had been taken back by the Hittites

Question 31

Who were the Hittites?

Answer 31

an Indo-European people that stretched from India to Europe

they expanded south into the Near East and conquered territories that once belonged to Egypt

Question 32

What did Rameses II do?

Answer 32

Campaigned in the Near East to drive out the Hittites which leads to the 2nd major battle (biggest chariot battle)
Battle of Qadesh in 1274

Question 33

How did the Battle of Qadesh play out?

Answer 33

The Egyptians are outnumbered, have a chariot core
Hittites were hidden in valley
Hittites send spies (as deserters) to tell Rameses that Hittites are nowhere nearby (organized by Muwatallis)
At camp, Hittites surprise the Egyptians and all scatter except for Rameses
Rameses prays to gods, Aman comes to him and defeats the entire army
Actually, the fleeing Egyptians came back
Ended in tie even though Rameses believes he had won

Question 34

What did Battle of Qadesh lead to?

Answer 34

The first peace treaty, where the Near East was divided between the Hittites and Egyptians

Question 35

Who is Maathorneferure?

Answer 35

A Hittite who marries Rameses II

Question 36

What happened after the Battle of Qadesh?

Answer 36

Rameses II continues to conquer neighboring nations
builds 4 self images in the south in stone inside a tunnel that illuminates from the sun to tell others not to mess with Egypt
dies in 1213

Question 37

What happens in 1100BC?

Answer 37

New pastoralists people rise and destroy civilizations with their new technologies
they overcome the chariot
Have: lighter, stronger armor; longer, stronger swords; javelin to throw at the enemy and incapacitate the chariot team
They destroy the Greeks, Hittite Empire, and Near East

Question 38

Who is Rameses III?

Answer 38

1186-1154, the last great period of Egypt
accounts the destruction imposed by barbarians
4 invasions of Egypt during this time
Egypt is the last nation to be attacked and is prepared for the enemies new methods and survives
Weakened Egypt finally falls to foreign invaders