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Egypt Flashcards

1
Q

What did lord Palmerston say regarding British policy towards Egypt in 1860

A

‘We do not want to have Egypt. What we wish about Egypt is that it should be attached to the Turkish empire, which is security against it belonging to another European Power. We wish to trade with Egypt and travel through Egypt.’

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2
Q

Who order the occupation of Egypt

A

Gladstone

PM

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3
Q

Why was it surprising when Gladstone ordered the occupation of Eg

A

He was committed to a policy of ‘non-intervention’ in colonial affairs
Additionally, in 1880 there were no plans to extend the British Enpire in Africa

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4
Q

So why did Gladstone order the occupation of Egypt

A

Ottoman Empire who had captured Egypt In 1517 was in decline which worried British government as the ottomans possessions in North Africa wld fall into the hands of rival European powers who threatened British interests in the area

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5
Q

WHAT year did Gladstone order the occupation of Egypt

A

1882

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6
Q

WHAT turned out to be the starting point of the partition of Africa

A

THE ordering of the occupation of Egypt in 1882

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7
Q

Before the partition of Africa what was Britains involvement there like

A

Small scale
No colonies in the north or east
Minimal in west where some coastal areas like Gambia and sierras Leone, Lagos were established
Most in the south where cape colony and Natal were formal colonies & Britain had RIGHT to control foreign relations of the two ‘Boer ‘ republics - the orange free state and the Transvaal

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8
Q

WHAT did the french think at the decline of the Ottoman Empire and Egypt

A

They encouraged Egypt to break away from the Ottoman Empire and French investors poured money into the country after 1850

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9
Q

WHAT is the most dramatic example of French investment in Egypt

A

was a bold plan to construct the Suez Canal in 1869

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10
Q

WHAT year did the Suez Canal open

A

1869

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11
Q

Who was suez built by and supervised by

A

Built by tens of thousands of Egyptians under the supervision of French engineers

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12
Q

Who designed the Suez Canal

A

Frenchman

Ferdinand de Lesseps

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13
Q

Following completion of Suez Canal what did Britain do

A

Large influx of British investment

Brit banks offered the Egyptian government enormous loans which were used for economic development

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14
Q

Suez Canal impact on Alexandria

A

Became a major port
1,000 miles of railway tracks laid
Arms bought
Schools and roads built

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15
Q

WHAT happens to egypts foreign debt following construction of Suez Canal

A

Between 1863 and 1879 Egypts foreign debt increased from £3 million to £100 million
AND the interest rate to be paid on it in this same period rose from 7% to 20%

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16
Q

WHAT happened in Egypt 1875

A

A debt crisis which seemed likely to lead to the country’s economic collapse

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17
Q

WHAT did the Egyptian ruler Ismail do upon the debt crisis of 1875

A

Although he still owed allegiance to the sultan of Turkey, in desperation he requested the British and French governments to provide expert economic advice

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18
Q

Who’d the British send after Egyptian ruler requested advice following the debt crisis of 1875

A

Stephen cave

A British treasury official

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19
Q

In 1878 an Anglo-French rescue plan emerged based on

A

THE ideas put forward in the cave report

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20
Q

When did ‘dual economic control’ between Britain and France begin and end

A

1878-1882

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21
Q

WHAT did the Anglo-French plan do

A

Restored financial stability
BUT
brought misery 2 vast majority of Egyptians: led to starvation in upper Egypt, increased unemployment, street rioting AND A REBELLION IN THE ARMY

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22
Q

bad consequence of French English involvement with their dual economic control

A

Starvation in upper Egypt
Unemployment
Rioting
Army rebellion

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23
Q

Who was on the verge of taking power in Egypt in 1882

A

An Egyptian nationalist movement under the leadership of Arabi Pasha, a colonel in the Egyptian army

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24
Q

WHAT did the nationalists under Arabi Pashi want

A

They wanted an end to the Turkish dominance in government and the Anglo-French control of the economy

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25
WHAT happened on the 11th June 1882 Egypt Alexandria
50 Europeans killed
26
WHAT happened following the murder of 50 Europeans in Alexandria during nationalist rioting 11 June 1882
British government order formal occupation of Egypt
27
WHAT did Britain do following ordering formal occupation
THE Royal Navy bombarded, British army invaded | BY OCTOBER 1882 the REBELLION HAD VEEN CRUShed
28
WERE french happy
Fuck no
29
British decision to rule the country was made
ON its own NO FRENCH INPUT
30
WHAT did the French suspect t
THE British merely used the nationalist uprising to cloak its real desire to dominate Egypt and to freeze out France
31
Who was the first consul-general
Evelyn Baring
32
WHAT was the economy initially controlled by?
Caisse de la Dette
33
WHAT countries did Caisse de la Dette consist of
``` Britain France Germany Austro-Hungary Italy Russia ```
34
Under caisse de la dette what did half of Egypts revenue go towards
Paying European bond holders
35
How did caisse de la dette prevent Britain from being totally in control
Members of the CDLD cld prevent British consul-general from spending egypt's money on matters they disapproved of
36
When did caisse de la dette end
After entente cordiale of 1904
37
WHAT was the entente cordiale of 1904
French agreed to respect Britain in Egypt in return for British recognition of their take over of morocco
38
WHAT did baring do to revitalise economy
Cuts to Egyptian military and bureaucracy | Improved communications and irrigation
39
Within 10 years of baring as consul- general since 1883 what trebled
Exports of cotton and sugar had trebles
40
What did the population rise from under Baring
7 million to 10 million
41
Tourism in Egypt
It expanded there and Thomas Cook and Son became Eqypts largest employer providing many jobs
42
Was Egypt a protectorate or colony
Neither it was a hybrid | Didn't become formal protectorate until 1914
43
All Egyptian government minister had WHAT ?
A British adviser
44
What happened if an Egyptian government minister didn't listen to the advise of their British adviser
They were dismissed
45
How many British ppl placed in Egyptian army
6,000
46
Which classes like British rule in Egypt
``` Upper classes benefited Middle and lower didn't, hence a growing middle class nationalist movement ```
47
What did Egypt like about British
They did little for the poor and didn't deal with corruption of Khedive
48
Who did Baring improve life for
Baring improved conditions for Egyptian labourers and introduced better sanitation and health services in towns
49
What was a great thing introduced into Nile
ASWAN DAM
50
Why was the Aswan Dam good
Irritated half a million acres of former desert and allowed for year round irrigation
51
When was Aswan DAM opened
1902
52
Aswan DAM built under direction of whom
Sir john aird
53
How much did Aswan DAM cost
£2 mill Cost 2 mill built in 190 TWO
54
Why didn't Egyptians like the new legislative assembly of 1913
It represented rich land owners rather than the ordinary people of Egypt
55
What was said about British attitudes to Egyptian cloth making industry
British didn't promote it although it would have provided jobs for the unemployed, because brits only interested in production of raw cotton to keep the spinners of Lancashire employed Production of raw cotton trebled tho after British rule ( so did sugar)
56
What did Baring purposefully not do
Extend educational opportunity - as in India this led to greater demands and nationalism
57
When did Baring cave and give in to education
In 1909 a new university was found to supplement the university of Cairo where only religious education was on offer
58
What type of education did Egyptians usually have
A few years of elementary schooling and that was it
59
When did the national party return
1893
60
What did the Egyptian National party seek
Some guy the end of British occupation and their own representative government t
61
What did Cromer do when dealing with growing nationalism
Ignored demands BUT did appoint a nationalist, Saad Zaghloul Pasha as minister for education
62
Who did Cromer appoint as minister for education
Sad Zaghloul Pasha | A nationalist
63
When was the Denshawai Incident
June 1906
64
What happened at Denshawai incident
Big misunderstanding Locals angry at British officers for shooting pigeons for sport which they'd bred for food but a native woman shot and officers ran away, one died due to heatstroke but soldiers arrived and assumed he'd been murdered and soldier killed an assumed assassin
65
What happened as a result of the Denshawai Incident of June 1906
52 villagers arrested 4 convicted of murder sentenced to death 1 life sentence of penal servitude 26 sentenced to terms of hard labour and flogging Egyptian policeman who testified in defends of locals sentenced to 2 years impriosnment and 50 lashes
66
What happened to Egyptian police officer who testified in defender of villagers
Sentenced to two years of impriosnment and 50 lashes
67
What did sir Gorst do
Tried to impose tighter censorship of press in 1909 | Placed more Egyptians in responsible government positions to weaken Egyptian National Party
68
What did Cromer admit to in 1902
He'd boasted that the Fellahin were grateful 2 British but admitted to committee of Imperial defence in 1902 that if Russia or France invaded it is unlikely loyalty could be expected from Egyptians in protecting the British there
69
Why did Britain remain in Egypt
Free passage through the Suez Canal ( in 1881: 2,256 out of 2,727 vessels that passed thru it were British) If Brit did nothing other countries wld step in especially due to growth of Anglo-French colonies jealousies after 1885 and in light of the Franco-Russian alliance of 1882 and the french imperial dream of the Mediterranean becoming 'le lac français' Additionally, in late 1880s turkey could no longer be relied on to stop Russian navy from passing through the Bosphorus
70
What events of rivals made Britain tighten their grip on Egypt and stay
THE growth of Anglo-French colonial jealousies after 1885 and the Franco-Russian alliance of 1892 with its prospect of the Mediterranean becoming 'le lac français' Also turkey from late 1880s cld not be relied upon to stop the Russian navy passing thru Bosphorus
71
Evidence of Egyptians not benefitting from British
Little Egyptian satin government - Egyptian government ministers dismissed if they didn't follow advice of their British advisor THE Denshawai Incident and how they were punished Labour diverted to England eg cotton only raw no cloth making Nationalism In January 1900 Egyptian offices d coursed Sudanese asaltos to mutiny in hope it might expel British from Egypt
72
What did the Egyptian officers stationed at Khartoum want | January 1900
Heartened by the news of British defeats in South Africa and rumours of a Russian advance on India, encouraged their Sudanese askaris to mutiny in the hope that the rebellion might lead to the expulsion of the British from Egypt
73
How was what Cromer admitted to proven about Egypt not feeling loyalty to British
I'm 1914 Turko-German high command believed that an attack on Egypt would trigger an anti British rebellion
74
How did the educated class feel about the British
They found themselves largely excluded from the highest ranks of civil service, judiciary and army
75
THE extent of nationalist agitation is demonstrated by
THE fact hat there was a highly competent and energetic police intelligence service run by British, yet nationalism prevailed

British Empire (15 decks)

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