Egypt Flashcards
1
Q
Area
A
- Centered around the length of the Nile river, specifically the Nile River Delta
- White and Blue River meeting
- Very marshy and not great for building in the North, more arid in the South
2
Q
Time Periods
A
- Predynastic
- Early Dynastic
- Old Kingdom
- Middle Kingdom
- New Kingdom
- Last Period
- Ptolemaic Period
- 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Intermediate Periods
3
Q
Predynastic Period
A
- Paleolithic to Neolithic
- Most evidence from this period comes from Upper Egypt due to flooding in Lower Egypt
- Naqada III Period
- King Narmer
4
Q
Naqada III Period
A
- Major influence from Mesopotamia
- 3 major city kingdoms: Thinis, Naqada, Nekhen
- The kings of these cities were known as the Scorpion Kings
5
Q
King Narmer
A
- First King of unified Egypt
- Gained Upper Egypt by marrying princess Neithhotep
- Conquered Lower Egypt
- Narmer plate contains some of the oldest hieroglyphs
- Rule was symbolized by a combined crown which contained the crowns o both upper and lower Egypt
6
Q
Early Dynastic Period - Dynasties, material culture, capital city, burial method
A
- 1st and 2nd Dynasties
- People began to consider Kings Gods (Divine Kingship)
- We have found material culture in the form of Calendars, writing, science, and art
- Capital city was Memphis
- Royalty was buried in Mastaba tombs
7
Q
Old Kingdom
A
- “Age of the Pyramids”
- 4th to 6th dynasties
- Records only in the form of hieroglyphs in monumental architecture
- Nomes
- Frontality and hierarchy scale
- Kingdom ended because Pepi II left no clear line of succession
8
Q
Pyramids
A
- Pyramids were built to look like the rays of the setting sun
- Djoser Step Pyramid (first)
- Bent Pyramid (bent)
- Great Pyramid of Giza (big)
- Pyramid of Khafre (sphinx)
- Pyramid of Menkaure (small)
9
Q
Djoser Step Pyramid
A
- The first pyramid built
- Looked like multiple mastaba tombs stacked together
- Made of mud brick and stone
10
Q
Bent Pyramid
A
- Owned by King Snefuru
- Appears bent from certain angles
11
Q
Great Pyramid of Giza
A
- The largest of the Pyramids
- Built by Khufu, Snefuru’s son
12
Q
Pyramid of Khafre
A
- Built at the same time the Sphinx were carved
- Built for Khafre, Khufu’s son
13
Q
Pyramid of Menkaure
A
- Smallest of the pyramids
14
Q
First Intermediate Period
A
- Considered a dark time
- No centralized power
- Kings had only symbolic power
- Little monumental architecture
- Egypt divided into Upper and Lower
15
Q
Middle Kingdom
A
- Classical Age, the height of civilization at the time
- Upper and Lower Kingdoms reunited
- Art and architecture became more varied and personalized, depicting more scenes of everyday life
- Largest monumental architecture was the temple to Amun in Karnak
16
Q
Second Intermediate Period
A
- Egypt divided into smaller kingdoms with ne central authority
- Similar to the first Intermediate
- Hyksos people came in and formed their own Kingdom
- Ended when the 18th Dynasty was established and the Hyksos were driven out
- Artists painted this period as violent, but it was relatively peaceful
17
Q
New Kingdom
A
- Upper and Lower Egypt united
- Height of Egypt’s political influence
- Pharaohs
- Most well documented era
- 18th Dynasty (Thutmoside)
- 19th Dynasty (Ramesside)
18
Q
Thutmoside Dynasty
A
- Rulers buried in the Valley of Kings
- Hatshepsut
- Akhenaten
- Tutankhamun
19
Q
Hatshepsut
A
- Great Royal Wife
Became Regent when her husband died - Became co-Pharaoh with her son
- Carried out massive construction projects
- Depicted with male traits
- People tried to erase her by scratching her out of paintings
20
Q
Akhenaten
A
- Tried to convert Egypt to monotheism worshiping Aten
- People converted back after his death
- Married to Nefertiti
21
Q
Tutankhamun
A
- Became Pharaoh at age 9
- Died at age 18
- Restored Egypt to the traditional religion after Akhenaten
- His tomb was uncompleted when he died, so he was put into a less fancy tomb
- His tomb is the best preserved because flash flooding made it inaccessible during antiquity so it was never raided
22
Q
Ramesside Dynasty
A
- Zenith of Egyptian power
- Pharaohs associated themselves with Ra rather than Horace
- Ramesses II
- Ended with the 20th Dynasty because of the invasion of the Sea People as well as the Late Bronze Age Collapse
- Egypt was divided again
23
Q
Ramesses II
A
- “The great Ancestor”
- Powerful military leader
15 successful campaigns - Built temples an monuments where people could worship his glory
- Ramasseum, Abu Simbal, multiple statues
Reigned for 66 years and lived to 90
24
Q
3rd Intermediate Period
A
- Rulers were non-Egyptian
- Nubian Kings
Coincided with the Late Bronze Age Collapse
25
Q
Last Period
A
- Egypt conquered by Cyrus the Great and the Persians
- They were conquered by Alexander the Great
26
Q
Ptolemaic Period
A
- After Alexander the great died his land was divided among his generals
- Ptolemy got Egypt
Cleopatra ruled during this time
This period ended when Rome took over
27
Q
Upper vs Lower Egypt
A
- Based on the direction the Nile flowed
- Upper Egypt was to the South, Lower Egypt to the North
- Constantly uniting and breaking apart with the dynastic period changes
28
Q
Valley of the Kings
A
- Burial site of all 18th-20th Dynasty Pharaohs
- 62 known tombs
- Tombs were meant to confuse robbers
- Placed in a lonely valley because Pharaohs feared what would happen to their riches after they died
29
Q
Ma’at
A
- Basis of Egyptian religion
- Placed importance on harmony and order within the universe
- Each person had their own role withing society in order to keep that harmony
30
Q
Memphis
A
- Capital city of the first and second dynasties
- Located halfway between upper and lower Egypt
31
Q
Mastaba Tombs
A
- Burial style before pyramids
- Sloped walls with flat roofs
32
Q
Papyrus
A
- Plant cultivated in Egypt
- Torn into thin layers
- Used as a writing material like paper
