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Archaeology > Egypt > Flashcards

Egypt Flashcards

1
Q

Area

A
  • Centered around the length of the Nile river, specifically the Nile River Delta
  • White and Blue River meeting
  • Very marshy and not great for building in the North, more arid in the South
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2
Q

Time Periods

A
  • Predynastic
  • Early Dynastic
  • Old Kingdom
  • Middle Kingdom
  • New Kingdom
  • Last Period
  • Ptolemaic Period
  • 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Intermediate Periods
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3
Q

Predynastic Period

A
  • Paleolithic to Neolithic
  • Most evidence from this period comes from Upper Egypt due to flooding in Lower Egypt
  • Naqada III Period
  • King Narmer
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4
Q

Naqada III Period

A
  • Major influence from Mesopotamia
  • 3 major city kingdoms: Thinis, Naqada, Nekhen
  • The kings of these cities were known as the Scorpion Kings
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5
Q

King Narmer

A
  • First King of unified Egypt
  • Gained Upper Egypt by marrying princess Neithhotep
  • Conquered Lower Egypt
  • Narmer plate contains some of the oldest hieroglyphs
  • Rule was symbolized by a combined crown which contained the crowns o both upper and lower Egypt
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6
Q

Early Dynastic Period - Dynasties, material culture, capital city, burial method

A
  • 1st and 2nd Dynasties
  • People began to consider Kings Gods (Divine Kingship)
  • We have found material culture in the form of Calendars, writing, science, and art
  • Capital city was Memphis
  • Royalty was buried in Mastaba tombs
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7
Q

Old Kingdom

A
  • “Age of the Pyramids”
  • 4th to 6th dynasties
  • Records only in the form of hieroglyphs in monumental architecture
  • Nomes
  • Frontality and hierarchy scale
  • Kingdom ended because Pepi II left no clear line of succession
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8
Q

Pyramids

A
  • Pyramids were built to look like the rays of the setting sun
  • Djoser Step Pyramid (first)
  • Bent Pyramid (bent)
  • Great Pyramid of Giza (big)
  • Pyramid of Khafre (sphinx)
  • Pyramid of Menkaure (small)
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9
Q

Djoser Step Pyramid

A
  • The first pyramid built
  • Looked like multiple mastaba tombs stacked together
  • Made of mud brick and stone
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10
Q

Bent Pyramid

A
  • Owned by King Snefuru
  • Appears bent from certain angles
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11
Q

Great Pyramid of Giza

A
  • The largest of the Pyramids
  • Built by Khufu, Snefuru’s son
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12
Q

Pyramid of Khafre

A
  • Built at the same time the Sphinx were carved
  • Built for Khafre, Khufu’s son
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13
Q

Pyramid of Menkaure

A
  • Smallest of the pyramids
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14
Q

First Intermediate Period

A
  • Considered a dark time
  • No centralized power
  • Kings had only symbolic power
  • Little monumental architecture
  • Egypt divided into Upper and Lower
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15
Q

Middle Kingdom

A
  • Classical Age, the height of civilization at the time
  • Upper and Lower Kingdoms reunited
  • Art and architecture became more varied and personalized, depicting more scenes of everyday life
  • Largest monumental architecture was the temple to Amun in Karnak
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16
Q

Second Intermediate Period

A
  • Egypt divided into smaller kingdoms with ne central authority
  • Similar to the first Intermediate
  • Hyksos people came in and formed their own Kingdom
  • Ended when the 18th Dynasty was established and the Hyksos were driven out
  • Artists painted this period as violent, but it was relatively peaceful
17
Q

New Kingdom

A
  • Upper and Lower Egypt united
  • Height of Egypt’s political influence
  • Pharaohs
  • Most well documented era
  • 18th Dynasty (Thutmoside)
  • 19th Dynasty (Ramesside)
18
Q

Thutmoside Dynasty

A
  • Rulers buried in the Valley of Kings
  • Hatshepsut
  • Akhenaten
  • Tutankhamun
19
Q

Hatshepsut

A
  • Great Royal Wife
    Became Regent when her husband died
  • Became co-Pharaoh with her son
  • Carried out massive construction projects
  • Depicted with male traits
  • People tried to erase her by scratching her out of paintings
20
Q

Akhenaten

A
  • Tried to convert Egypt to monotheism worshiping Aten
  • People converted back after his death
  • Married to Nefertiti
21
Q

Tutankhamun

A
  • Became Pharaoh at age 9
  • Died at age 18
  • Restored Egypt to the traditional religion after Akhenaten
  • His tomb was uncompleted when he died, so he was put into a less fancy tomb
  • His tomb is the best preserved because flash flooding made it inaccessible during antiquity so it was never raided
22
Q

Ramesside Dynasty

A
  • Zenith of Egyptian power
  • Pharaohs associated themselves with Ra rather than Horace
  • Ramesses II
  • Ended with the 20th Dynasty because of the invasion of the Sea People as well as the Late Bronze Age Collapse
  • Egypt was divided again
23
Q

Ramesses II

A
  • “The great Ancestor”
  • Powerful military leader
    15 successful campaigns
  • Built temples an monuments where people could worship his glory
  • Ramasseum, Abu Simbal, multiple statues
    Reigned for 66 years and lived to 90
24
Q

3rd Intermediate Period

A
  • Rulers were non-Egyptian
  • Nubian Kings
    Coincided with the Late Bronze Age Collapse
25
Q

Last Period

A
  • Egypt conquered by Cyrus the Great and the Persians
  • They were conquered by Alexander the Great
26
Q

Ptolemaic Period

A
  • After Alexander the great died his land was divided among his generals
  • Ptolemy got Egypt
    Cleopatra ruled during this time
    This period ended when Rome took over
27
Q

Upper vs Lower Egypt

A
  • Based on the direction the Nile flowed
  • Upper Egypt was to the South, Lower Egypt to the North
  • Constantly uniting and breaking apart with the dynastic period changes
28
Q

Valley of the Kings

A
  • Burial site of all 18th-20th Dynasty Pharaohs
  • 62 known tombs
  • Tombs were meant to confuse robbers
  • Placed in a lonely valley because Pharaohs feared what would happen to their riches after they died
29
Q

Ma’at

A
  • Basis of Egyptian religion
  • Placed importance on harmony and order within the universe
  • Each person had their own role withing society in order to keep that harmony
30
Q

Memphis

A
  • Capital city of the first and second dynasties
  • Located halfway between upper and lower Egypt
31
Q

Mastaba Tombs

A
  • Burial style before pyramids
  • Sloped walls with flat roofs
32
Q

Papyrus

A
  • Plant cultivated in Egypt
  • Torn into thin layers
  • Used as a writing material like paper

Archaeology (9 decks)

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