Efficent Transport, Exhange And Heart Flashcards
What are substances that travel in the blood?
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Urea
What does oxygen do?
21% is breathed in
It is used to release energy by respiration
Organs involved: lungs
What does water do?
Waste water made by cells is produced by respiration
Organs involved: Kidneys, bladder and lungs
What does urea do?
Excess Amino Acids are broken down into urea
Organs involved: Liver, kidneys and bladder
What does carbon dioxide do?
Produced by cells when they release energy by respiration
Organs involved: Lungs
What organs have a large surface area?
Ones that move substances in/out
How do you calculate surface area?
(Height x length) x number of faces (cube =6)
How do you calculate volume?
Width x length x height
How do you calculate surface to volume ratio?
Surface area
——————
Volume
Why does a cell need a large surface area: volume ratio?
If it is too small, a cell can not get what it needs by diffusion
How do you calculate rate?
Rate = what has been done
—————————-
Time
How is rate of diffusion linked to surface area?
It is directly proportional
How is rate of diffusion related to concentration difference?
It is directly proportional
How is rate of diffusion related to thickness of membrane?
Inversely proportional
I.e. 1 divides by thickness of membrane
How does carbon dioxide and oxygen transfer in the blood in the lungs?
Blood enters from the rest of the body with a higher concentration of carbon dioxide and a lower concentration of oxygen
Carbon dioxide is diffused out of the blood and into the lungs and oxygen is diffused into the blood from the lungs
The alveolus has a higher concentration of oxygen and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than the blood. It’s shape gives it a large surface area.
Blood goes to the rest of the body with a lower concentration of carbon dioxide and a higher concentration of oxygen
What is Fick’s law?
Surface area x Concentration gradient
—————————————————.
Thickness of membrane
Is directly proportional to rate of diffusion
What is in your blood?
Platelets
Plasma
White blood cells
Red blood cells
RANDOM - How do you use a microscope with slide
Prepare a slide with a cover slip and place on the microscope’s stage. Start on the smallest objective lens magnification and use s focus wheel until you have an clear image. Increase the magnification using the objective lenses and continue till the maximum magnification
Total mag = Eyepiece lens X objective lens
What does the plasma do?
Primary purpose of the plasma is to transport nutrients, hormones and proteins to the parts of the body that need it (and carbon dioxide)
Makes up 55% of the blood
Plasma is made primarily of water, so it can transport soluble substances e.g. glucose, very well.
What do platelets (thrombocytes) do?
If there is a break/cut in a blood vessel, the platelets send a chemical signal for help. They then connect to each other go form a clot which hold the blood vessel together.
Have proteins on their surface which allows them to stick to breaks in a blood vessel wall and stick to each other
(Part of a cell - no nuclei)
Too little platelets - uncontrolled bleeding
Too many platelets - abnormal blood clotting
What are red blood cells? (Erythrocytes)
Contain haemoglobin which combines with oxygen (reversible reaction)
Biconcave structure which allows a larger surface area to carry oxygen
No nucleus to save space
What are white blood cells (lymphocytes)?
Help fight infection
Some produce antibodies (lymphocytes)
Some digest micro-organism (phagocytes)
What makes up the circulatory system?
Heart
Arteries (take blood AWAY from heart)
Capillaries
Veins (take blood TOO the heart)
What takes blood from the heart to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
What brings blood back from lungs to heart?
Pulmonary vein
What takes blood from the heart to the rest of the body?
Aorta
What takes blood from the rest of the body, back too the heart?
Vena cava
What else is there in the heart?
Atriums
Ventricles
Which side deals with oxygenated blood?
Left side of the heart
What side deals with deoxygenated blood?
Right side of the heart
Deoxygenated blood doesn’t mean NO oxygen, it means there is less or little oxygen
What are two main features of an artery?
Narrow tube (wide-ish but now as wide as vein) Thick layer of elastic and muscle fibres to deal with the high blood pressures
What are the two features of the capillaries?
Narrow tube
Wall is only one cell thick to allow faster diffusion of substances into and out of the capillary
What are the two features of a vein?
Contains valves to help blood flow in right direction
Wide tube
What is your heart rate?
Number of beats per minute
What is your stroke volume?
Volume of blood leaving the heart each beat
What is your cardiac output?
Volume of blood leaving the heart every minute
How do you calculate cardiac output? (Litres/minute)
Stroke volume x Heart rate
(Litres) (Bpm)
Why is the heart a “double pump”?
It’s left side of it heart pumps oxygenated blood while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood at the same time
Also, one side pumps blood to lungs, one side pumps blood to the rest of the body at the same time
Why does your body need a constant supply of energy?
Moving
Keeping warm
Producing and breaking down substances
What is cellular respiration and why is respiration an exothermic reaction?
A series of chemical reactions that release energy from glucose
Some energy is transferred by heating so it is exothermic as the energy transfer increases the temperature of the surroundings
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
Where do most of the aerobic respiration reactions take place?
Mitochondria
What happens during normal exercise ?
Your muscles need more energy as the rate of aerobic respiration increases and your muscle cells take more oxygen and glucose from your blood.
Your heart beats faster to get more blood to your muscle cells.
You breathe faster and deeper to increase the amount of oxygen diffusing into the blood in your lungs
Faster breathing also allows your lungs to excrete more carbon dioxide
However, what happens during strenuous exercise?
Oxygen is used up faster than it can be replaced
When this happens, the amount of ANAEROBIC respiration occurring in the cytoplasm of cells greatly increases
This form of cellular respiration doesn’t require oxygen and produces lactic acid
What is the word equation for Anaerobic respiration?
Glucose —> lactic acid
What does anaerobic respiration do?
Releases less energy from glucose, than aerobic respiration.
Causes muscles in animals to get tired quickly
However, anaerobic respiration can also release burst of energy without needing a sudden increase in an oxygen supply
This is important for animal when running away from a predator
Why does heart and breathings rates stay high even after exercise?
Because extra oxygen is needed to the replace the oxygen lost from blood and muscles
Extra oxygen is also needed to release the extra energy required to get trod of lactic acid
What is the method for the Core Practical - Respiration Rates?
1) Collect a tube with some soda lime, held in place with cotton wool. The soda lime absorbs carbon dioxide (however soda lime is corrosive)
2) Carefully collect some of the small organisms in a weighing boat
3) Gently shake the organisms out the container and into the tube
4) Insert a bung and capillary tube
5) Set up a control tube
6) Place both tube into a rack in a water bath at a set temperature. Tilt until the capillary tubes hang over the side of the water bath at an angle.
7) Wait five minutes to let the organism adjust to the temperature of water bath
8) Hod a beaker of coloured liquid at bottom of capillary tubes so the liquid enters
9) Mark the position of the coloured liquid in the tube and time for 5mins
10) Mark the position of coloured liquid again and measure the distance it has travelled
11) Repeat with different temperatures
