Animal Co-ordination And Control Flashcards
What produces glands?
Endocrine glands
What do they do?
Travel in blood and act like chemical messages
Slower than nervous system but can target many parts of the body
What endocrine is LH from and what’s its role and target organ?
Pituitary gland - Targets ovaries and triggers egg release
What endocrine gland is thyroxine from and what’s it’s target organ and role?
Thyroid gland - Targets liver and kidneys and it’s role is heart rate, digestive system and muscle control
What endocrine gland is adrenaline from, its target organs and role?
Adrenal gland - It’s target organs are liver and heart and it’s role is increasing heart rate and blood pressure - fight or flight
What endocrine gland is Insulin from, its target organ and it’s role?
Pancreas - Target organ is liver and controls blood sugar levels
What endocrine gland is testosterone from, its target organs and it’s role?
Testes - it’s target organ is male reproductive organs and it’s role is to develop male reproductive tissues
What endocrine gland is oestrogen from, its target organ and it’s role?
Ovaries - It’s target organs are the ovaries and uterus and it’s role is to control puberty and menstrual cycle
What endocrine gland is progesterone from and what’s it’s target organ and role?
Ovaries - Target organ is uterus and it’s role is to maintain the lining of the womb.
What endocrine gland is the growth hormone from, its target organ and it’s role?
Pituitary gland - target organs are the digestive system and it’s role is to absorb more calcium (strong bones to grow)
How are hormones and nervous system different?
Nervous - Electrical signal, very quick speed and short duration
Hormone - Chemical signal, slower speed and longer duration
What is your metabolic rate?
The rate at which energy from food is transferred by cellular processes to stay alive
It is done at rate and is how many calories you need to survive
What organ affects your metabolic rate?
Thyroxine
What is the negative feedback loop with thyroxine?
Too much thyroxine in blood causes the amount decrease
Too little causes thyroxine to increase
What happens when blood thyroxine concentration increases?
It causes less TRH and TSH to be released which causes less thyroxine to be released so the concentration of thyroxine decreases
What are adrenal ‘s target organs?
Heart
Liver
Blood vessels
Eyes
How does adrenaline affect the heart?
Heart muscle cells contract:
More rapidly, which increases the heart rate
More strongly, which increases the blood pressure
How does adrenalin affect the blood vessels?
Diameter of blood vessels leading to muscles widen which increases blood flow to muscles
Diameter of blood vessels leading to OTHER organs narrow, which reduces blood flow to those organs and increases blood pressure
How does adrenaline affect the liver?
Liver cells change glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood, which increases blood sugar concentration
More blood flow causes what?
More oxygen and glucose for respiration
What happens during the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation - Lining is shed
Ovulation - An egg is released
What 4 hormones is the menstrual cycle controlled by?
Oestrogen and progesterone - Ovaries
FSH and LH - Pituitary gland
What is the story with the hormones and the menstrual cycle?
1) Low levels of progesterone allow high levels FSH to be released
2) FSH affects the egg follicle. So high levels of FSH stimulate the growth and maturation of egg follicle
3) Oestrogen production is stimulated as its is triggered by maturing follicles.
4) Oestrogen causes the walls to thicken
5) High levels of oestrogen stimulate more LH and LH triggers ovulation.
6) Once the egg is released, the follicle becomes a structure called the Corpus Luteum. The corpus luteum releases progesterone.
7) But the increase in progesterone inhibits LH and FSH
8) Around day 23, the concentration of oestrogen and progesterone starts to fall and by day 28, both hormones will be low enough to trigger menstruation and it’s starts again.
What happens if progesterone increases permanently? (Get pregnant)
The cycle stops
This is because high levels of progesterone causes low levels of FSH
Low levels of FSH means the follicle can’t grow or mature
No maturing follicle means no oestrogen production
No oestrogen means no LH
No LH means the ovary can’t release any eggs
How does the Pill work?
Produces a high rate of progesterone with a mix of oestrogen to prevent ovulation
Doesn’t prevent STIs
How does the male condom work?
Stop sperm from entering the uterus
Latex prevents STIs
How does the female condom work?
Act like a barrier - stop sperm from getting to egg
Some prevent STIs
How does ART help provoke pregnancy?
Useful for women who rarely or never release an egg cell during the menstrual cycle
Clomifene is a drug that helps to increase the concentration of FSH and LH into the blood
How does IVF help provoke pregnancy?
Overcomes problems such as blocked oviducts in woman, or is the man produced a low amount of healthy sperm cells.
First, the egg follicle maturation is stimulated by hormones
Secondly, egg cells are released by many follicles and taken from ovary
Also, sperm cells are taken from man and the eggs and sperm are combined to allow fertilisation
One or two healthy embryos placed back in uterus
Any healthy embryos not used in first pregnancy attempt, may be frozen and stored for another time
How does surrogacy help pregnancy?
Surrogacy is an legal arrangement where a woman agrees to become pregnant and give birth to a child
All this is for another person or couple who will become parents for the child as the woman may not be able to have a child
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is keeping our bodies in a stable internal condition
E.g. body temperature
Blood glucose level
What happens if the level of glucose is too high?
Pancreas - Releases insulin and affects the liver and muscles mainly
Blood - Transport insulin around the body
Liver (and muscles) - Convert glucose to glycogen and stores it
What happens if the level of glucose is too low?
Pancreas - Makes glucagon
Blood - Transports glucagon around the body
Liver - converts glycogen back to glucose and puts back into blood
What is type 1 diabetes?
(Most common in childhood )
Where the pancreas does not produce insulin
The immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin
Cells in the body will respond to insulin
How can Type 1 diabetes be treated?
Injection with insulin into subcutaneous fat (below the skin)
What is type 2 diabetes?
(Most common when older) (90%-95% Of diabetes cases)
Pancreas produces insulin (low levels)
Often, cells in the body DO NOT respond to Insulin
How do you treat type 2 diabetes?
Injection with insulin into subcutaneous fat (under the skin)
Low sugar diet
Exercise
Medication
What causes hypothermia?
When your body temperature drops (even by 1 degree)
What causes a fever?
When your body temperature rises (even by 1 degree)
What is your optimum/body temperature?
37 degrees
Optimum temperature for enzymes to work at
In the brain, what controls your body temperature?
Hypothalamus
When your body temperature is HIGHER then 37 degrees, what are some cooling mechanisms?
Sweat - Cools down your body
The sweat evaporate which transfers energy from skin to surroundings, so your skin cools down
Blood Flow - It’s neared to surface of skin so it’s easier for blood to transfer energy to air so we cool down (VASODILATION)
When your body temperature is LOWER than 37 degrees, what are some body heating mechanisms?
Goosebumps - Catch heat as well as hair. Also catches air and it’s acts as an insulator
Blood - Blood is taken to the vital organs from least important places I.e. fingers, to protect and warm them
Narrow blood vessels - (VASOCONSTRICTION)
Shivering - Muscles are contracting to transport heat around the body
What does the urinary system consist of?
Renal artery/vein (renal = kidneys) Kidneys Ureter Bladder Urethra
How do kidneys filter blood?
Renal artery brings blood to the kidneys
The kidneys filter the blood e.g. urea, water and salts
Ureter carries urine from kidney to bladder
Bladder stores urine and the urethra allows urine to flow from bladder
Renal vein carries the filtered blood away
What is urea?
Made in the liver from excess Amino Acids
How do we gain water?
Drinking
Eating
Chemical reactions
How do we lose water?
Sweat
Breathing
Faeces
Urine
What happens if we have too little water?
1) Hypothalamus detects too little water in the blood
2) pituitary gland releases hormone ADH
3) Kidneys maintain water level (collecting duct is more permiable to water = water moves more freely)
4) More water reabsorbed (more concentrated urine)
5) Blood water level returns to normal
What happens if we have too much water?
1) Hypothalamus detects too much water in blood
2) Pituitary gland releases less ADH
3) Kidneys reduce blood water level (collecting duct is less permiable to water)
4) Less water reabsorbed
5) Blood water level returns to normal
What is dialysis?
1) Blood carrying wastes passes to the machine from a vein
2) Dialysis fluid containing the same concentration of glucose as blood plasma
3) Diffusion of urea and other waste substances and diffusion in and out of glucose
4) Partially permeable membrane
5) Blood with wastes removed passes from the machine to a vein
What microscopic tubes to kidneys contain hundred of thousands of?
Nephrons
What do Nephrons consist of?
Glomerulus
Bowman capsule
Convoluted tuble
Loop of Henlé
(In order from start)
What is the Glomerulus?
Network of capillaries that run inside the Bowman’s capsule
What is the Bowman’s Capsule?
Filters out the small molecules e.g. glucose, water and urea
What is the convoluted tube?
Selective reabsorption of glucose and reabsorption of water (active transport)
What is the Loop of Henlé?
Reabsorption of water
What are the three main points of kidneys?
1) Filtration
2) Selective reabsorption and reabsorption of water
3) Last chance to reabsorb water and unwanted molecules (I.e. urea) is disposed to bladder
What are some adaptations of the Nephron?
1) Large surface area of Nephron and capillaries
2) Many mitochondria in cells with protein pumps to release energy that is required
3) Microvilli of membrane increase the surface area to volume ratio
