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Biology PAPER 2 > Animal Co-ordination And Control > Flashcards

Animal Co-ordination And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What produces glands?

A

Endocrine glands

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2
Q

What do they do?

A

Travel in blood and act like chemical messages

Slower than nervous system but can target many parts of the body

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3
Q

What endocrine is LH from and what’s its role and target organ?

A

Pituitary gland - Targets ovaries and triggers egg release

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4
Q

What endocrine gland is thyroxine from and what’s it’s target organ and role?

A

Thyroid gland - Targets liver and kidneys and it’s role is heart rate, digestive system and muscle control

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5
Q

What endocrine gland is adrenaline from, its target organs and role?

A

Adrenal gland - It’s target organs are liver and heart and it’s role is increasing heart rate and blood pressure - fight or flight

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6
Q

What endocrine gland is Insulin from, its target organ and it’s role?

A

Pancreas - Target organ is liver and controls blood sugar levels

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7
Q

What endocrine gland is testosterone from, its target organs and it’s role?

A

Testes - it’s target organ is male reproductive organs and it’s role is to develop male reproductive tissues

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8
Q

What endocrine gland is oestrogen from, its target organ and it’s role?

A

Ovaries - It’s target organs are the ovaries and uterus and it’s role is to control puberty and menstrual cycle

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9
Q

What endocrine gland is progesterone from and what’s it’s target organ and role?

A

Ovaries - Target organ is uterus and it’s role is to maintain the lining of the womb.

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10
Q

What endocrine gland is the growth hormone from, its target organ and it’s role?

A

Pituitary gland - target organs are the digestive system and it’s role is to absorb more calcium (strong bones to grow)

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11
Q

How are hormones and nervous system different?

A

Nervous - Electrical signal, very quick speed and short duration
Hormone - Chemical signal, slower speed and longer duration

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12
Q

What is your metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which energy from food is transferred by cellular processes to stay alive
It is done at rate and is how many calories you need to survive

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13
Q

What organ affects your metabolic rate?

A

Thyroxine

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14
Q

What is the negative feedback loop with thyroxine?

A

Too much thyroxine in blood causes the amount decrease

Too little causes thyroxine to increase

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15
Q

What happens when blood thyroxine concentration increases?

A

It causes less TRH and TSH to be released which causes less thyroxine to be released so the concentration of thyroxine decreases

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16
Q

What are adrenal ‘s target organs?

A

Heart
Liver
Blood vessels
Eyes

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17
Q

How does adrenaline affect the heart?

A

Heart muscle cells contract:
More rapidly, which increases the heart rate
More strongly, which increases the blood pressure

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18
Q

How does adrenalin affect the blood vessels?

A

Diameter of blood vessels leading to muscles widen which increases blood flow to muscles

Diameter of blood vessels leading to OTHER organs narrow, which reduces blood flow to those organs and increases blood pressure

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19
Q

How does adrenaline affect the liver?

A

Liver cells change glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood, which increases blood sugar concentration

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20
Q

More blood flow causes what?

A

More oxygen and glucose for respiration

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21
Q

What happens during the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation - Lining is shed

Ovulation - An egg is released

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22
Q

What 4 hormones is the menstrual cycle controlled by?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone - Ovaries

FSH and LH - Pituitary gland

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23
Q

What is the story with the hormones and the menstrual cycle?

A

1) Low levels of progesterone allow high levels FSH to be released
2) FSH affects the egg follicle. So high levels of FSH stimulate the growth and maturation of egg follicle
3) Oestrogen production is stimulated as its is triggered by maturing follicles.
4) Oestrogen causes the walls to thicken
5) High levels of oestrogen stimulate more LH and LH triggers ovulation.
6) Once the egg is released, the follicle becomes a structure called the Corpus Luteum. The corpus luteum releases progesterone.
7) But the increase in progesterone inhibits LH and FSH
8) Around day 23, the concentration of oestrogen and progesterone starts to fall and by day 28, both hormones will be low enough to trigger menstruation and it’s starts again.

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24
Q

What happens if progesterone increases permanently? (Get pregnant)

A

The cycle stops
This is because high levels of progesterone causes low levels of FSH
Low levels of FSH means the follicle can’t grow or mature
No maturing follicle means no oestrogen production
No oestrogen means no LH
No LH means the ovary can’t release any eggs

25
Q

How does the Pill work?

A

Produces a high rate of progesterone with a mix of oestrogen to prevent ovulation
Doesn’t prevent STIs

26
Q

How does the male condom work?

A

Stop sperm from entering the uterus

Latex prevents STIs

27
Q

How does the female condom work?

A

Act like a barrier - stop sperm from getting to egg

Some prevent STIs

28
Q

How does ART help provoke pregnancy?

A

Useful for women who rarely or never release an egg cell during the menstrual cycle
Clomifene is a drug that helps to increase the concentration of FSH and LH into the blood

29
Q

How does IVF help provoke pregnancy?

A

Overcomes problems such as blocked oviducts in woman, or is the man produced a low amount of healthy sperm cells.
First, the egg follicle maturation is stimulated by hormones
Secondly, egg cells are released by many follicles and taken from ovary
Also, sperm cells are taken from man and the eggs and sperm are combined to allow fertilisation
One or two healthy embryos placed back in uterus
Any healthy embryos not used in first pregnancy attempt, may be frozen and stored for another time

30
Q

How does surrogacy help pregnancy?

A

Surrogacy is an legal arrangement where a woman agrees to become pregnant and give birth to a child
All this is for another person or couple who will become parents for the child as the woman may not be able to have a child

31
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is keeping our bodies in a stable internal condition
E.g. body temperature
Blood glucose level

32
Q

What happens if the level of glucose is too high?

A

Pancreas - Releases insulin and affects the liver and muscles mainly
Blood - Transport insulin around the body
Liver (and muscles) - Convert glucose to glycogen and stores it

33
Q

What happens if the level of glucose is too low?

A

Pancreas - Makes glucagon
Blood - Transports glucagon around the body
Liver - converts glycogen back to glucose and puts back into blood

34
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

(Most common in childhood )
Where the pancreas does not produce insulin
The immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin
Cells in the body will respond to insulin

35
Q

How can Type 1 diabetes be treated?

A

Injection with insulin into subcutaneous fat (below the skin)

36
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

(Most common when older) (90%-95% Of diabetes cases)
Pancreas produces insulin (low levels)
Often, cells in the body DO NOT respond to Insulin

37
Q

How do you treat type 2 diabetes?

A

Injection with insulin into subcutaneous fat (under the skin)
Low sugar diet
Exercise
Medication

38
Q

What causes hypothermia?

A

When your body temperature drops (even by 1 degree)

39
Q

What causes a fever?

A

When your body temperature rises (even by 1 degree)

40
Q

What is your optimum/body temperature?

A

37 degrees

Optimum temperature for enzymes to work at

41
Q

In the brain, what controls your body temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

42
Q

When your body temperature is HIGHER then 37 degrees, what are some cooling mechanisms?

A

Sweat - Cools down your body
The sweat evaporate which transfers energy from skin to surroundings, so your skin cools down
Blood Flow - It’s neared to surface of skin so it’s easier for blood to transfer energy to air so we cool down (VASODILATION)

43
Q

When your body temperature is LOWER than 37 degrees, what are some body heating mechanisms?

A

Goosebumps - Catch heat as well as hair. Also catches air and it’s acts as an insulator
Blood - Blood is taken to the vital organs from least important places I.e. fingers, to protect and warm them
Narrow blood vessels - (VASOCONSTRICTION)
Shivering - Muscles are contracting to transport heat around the body

44
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A 
Renal artery/vein (renal = kidneys)
Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
45
Q

How do kidneys filter blood?

A

Renal artery brings blood to the kidneys
The kidneys filter the blood e.g. urea, water and salts
Ureter carries urine from kidney to bladder
Bladder stores urine and the urethra allows urine to flow from bladder
Renal vein carries the filtered blood away

46
Q

What is urea?

A

Made in the liver from excess Amino Acids

47
Q

How do we gain water?

A

Drinking
Eating
Chemical reactions

48
Q

How do we lose water?

A

Sweat
Breathing
Faeces
Urine

49
Q

What happens if we have too little water?

A

1) Hypothalamus detects too little water in the blood
2) pituitary gland releases hormone ADH
3) Kidneys maintain water level (collecting duct is more permiable to water = water moves more freely)
4) More water reabsorbed (more concentrated urine)
5) Blood water level returns to normal

50
Q

What happens if we have too much water?

A

1) Hypothalamus detects too much water in blood
2) Pituitary gland releases less ADH
3) Kidneys reduce blood water level (collecting duct is less permiable to water)
4) Less water reabsorbed
5) Blood water level returns to normal

51
Q

What is dialysis?

A

1) Blood carrying wastes passes to the machine from a vein
2) Dialysis fluid containing the same concentration of glucose as blood plasma
3) Diffusion of urea and other waste substances and diffusion in and out of glucose
4) Partially permeable membrane
5) Blood with wastes removed passes from the machine to a vein

52
Q

What microscopic tubes to kidneys contain hundred of thousands of?

A

Nephrons

53
Q

What do Nephrons consist of?

A

Glomerulus
Bowman capsule
Convoluted tuble
Loop of Henlé

(In order from start)

54
Q

What is the Glomerulus?

A

Network of capillaries that run inside the Bowman’s capsule

55
Q

What is the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

Filters out the small molecules e.g. glucose, water and urea

56
Q

What is the convoluted tube?

A

Selective reabsorption of glucose and reabsorption of water (active transport)

57
Q

What is the Loop of Henlé?

A

Reabsorption of water

58
Q

What are the three main points of kidneys?

A

1) Filtration
2) Selective reabsorption and reabsorption of water
3) Last chance to reabsorb water and unwanted molecules (I.e. urea) is disposed to bladder

59
Q

What are some adaptations of the Nephron?

A

1) Large surface area of Nephron and capillaries
2) Many mitochondria in cells with protein pumps to release energy that is required
3) Microvilli of membrane increase the surface area to volume ratio

Biology PAPER 2 (4 decks)

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