effects of environment on skin

Question 1

what is the epidermis and dermis referred to as?

Answer 1

cutis (cutaneous)

Question 2

what is the subcutis known as

Answer 2

hypodermis

Question 3

what is the stratum corneum made up of?

Answer 3

cornfield keratinocytes

Question 4

how can damage to extensive epidermal (epidermis and dermis) cause death? (4)

Answer 4

1. dehydration and shock
2. infection
3. heat loss and hypothermia
4. protein loss, electrolyte imbalance, high output cardiac failure / renal failure

Question 5

what is an example of sever epidermal damage?

Answer 5

toxic epidermal necrolysis

Question 6

what is toxic epidermal necrolysis

Answer 6

a severe ADR, that causes the detachment of epidermis from dermis - often fatal

Question 7

what is hyperkeratosis

Answer 7

(a slow adaption)

thickening of stratum corneum with rubbing or pressure - feet or guitarist fingers

Question 8

what causes the colour of human skin - dark and light? (2)

Answer 8

dark - melanin

light - haemoglobin

Question 9

incidence of skin cancer in dark skinned individuals?

Answer 9

8 - 10 %

Question 10

where do dendrites of melanocytes go up?

Answer 10

tend to be around basal layer.

Question 11

how is the melanin within the basal keratinocytes often arranged?

Answer 11

so that they sit on top of the nucleus to protect DNA

Question 12

what is the signal to produce more melanin

Answer 12

DNA damage within melanocyte from UV.

Question 13

what is an additional protection from UV

Answer 13

thickening of skin

Question 14

what are the two types of UV that causes skin damage?

Answer 14

UVA and UVB

Question 15

what is a type of allergy to the sun

Answer 15

polymorphic light eruption

Question 16

what is solar elastosis?

Answer 16

loss of elasticity from sun exposure

Question 17

what are benign proliferation of melanocytes?

Answer 17

nevi (moles)

Question 18

what are the clinical name for freckles?

Answer 18

ephelides

Question 19

what are solar lentigos

Answer 19

liver spots / age spots

Question 20

what are solar keratosis

Answer 20

abnormal growths of keratinocytes

Question 21

what can skin cancer be split into? (2)

Answer 21

melanoma (melanocytes)

non - melanoma (keratinocytes)

Question 22

what can non -melanoma be split into (2)

Answer 22

1. basal cell carcinoma

2. squamous cell carcinoma

Question 23

what is UV radiation useful for

Answer 23

vitamin d production

used to treat vitiligo etc.

Question 24

difference between full thickness burns and partial thickness burns

Answer 24

partial thickness burns (destruction of epidermis and just above sebaceous glands)
full thickness burns (lose epidermis and dermis - scar - loss of pinprick sensation when patient presents acutely)

Question 25

when does irritant contact dermatitis occur

Answer 25

when there is too much exposure to a substance

Question 26

how does allergic contact dermatitis occur?

Answer 26

allergy to something that contacts skin

Question 27

what are the stages of allergic contact dermatitis?

Answer 27

1. sensitisation - langherhan cells process the antigen and present it to lymphocytes
2. delayed hypersensitivity - lymphocytes go away and mount a response on next exposure

Question 28

what is paronychia

Answer 28

nail fold infection that can be fungal or bacterial

Question 29

what is an example of a fungal infection

Answer 29

tinea capitis (scalp ringworm)

Question 30

example of bacterial infection (2)

Answer 30

cellulitis and impetigo

Question 31

a viral example of infection

Answer 31

HPV causing warts.

Question 32

what is eczema herpeticum

Answer 32

herpes virus infecting eczema