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IMMUNOLOGY > Effector Mechanisms of T-Cell Mediated Immunity > Flashcards

Effector Mechanisms of T-Cell Mediated Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

T or F. T-cells can enhance microbe killing outside the cells

A

True

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2
Q

what t-helper cells enhance macrophage activation and induce inflammation through cytokines

A

th1 and th17

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3
Q

what t-cell help activate phagocytes to further enhance the killing of extracellular bacteria

A

t-helper cells

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4
Q

once a t-helper cell gets activated by the presentation of antigen peptides from mhc II, it will now differentiate into what three th?

A

th1, th2, th17

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5
Q

th1 produces what cytokine and immune reactions

A

interferon-gamma; macrophage activation and IgG production

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6
Q

Differentiate host defense of th1, th2, th17

A

th1-intracellular microbes
th2-helminthic parasites
th17-extracellular bacteria; fungi

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7
Q

immune reaction of th17

A

neutrophilic; monocytic inflammation

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8
Q

two overarching effector functions of cd4 t-cells

A
  1. induce inflammation by producing cytokines that call on neutrophil and monocytes
  2. enhance the ingestion and killing of extracellular microbes through phagocytes and macrophages
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9
Q

An innate cell that plays a role in the interplay between innate and adaptive immune system

A

phagocytes

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10
Q

Cytokine for th2

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

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11
Q

cell that has preformed prostaglandins and granules that aid in inflammation

A

eosinophils

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12
Q

role in disease of th1

A

autoimmunity; chronic inflammation

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13
Q

t-cell that are activated with non-harmful proteins

A

th2 cells - allergic diseases

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14
Q

primary target molecule of th17

A

neutrophils

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15
Q

defect in th17 can lead to?

A

autoimmunity; inflammation

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16
Q

Tfh principle target cells and major immune reaction

A

B cells; antibody production

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17
Q

tfh defect leads to

A

autoimmunity; autoantibodies

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18
Q

Cytokines that drive CD4 subsets development are produced by ___ and what other immune cells

A

mainly produced by APCs (Dendritic cells and Macrophages); NK cells and Mast cells

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19
Q

th for fungi

A

th17

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20
Q

T or F. Each th subset has cytokines that promote the development of all the th subsets.

A

False - each th subset has cytokines that promote the development of the corresponding subset, and suppress the development of other subsets

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21
Q

induced by microbes that are ingested by and have evolved to survive and replicate within phagocytes; phagocyre-mediated host defense

A

th1

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22
Q

th1 differentiation is driven mainly by

A

il-12 and ifn-gamma

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23
Q

mediator of phagocyte-independent defense

A

th2

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24
Q

role in diseases of th17

A

organ-specific autoimmunity

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25
Q

IgG production

A

th1

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26
Q

alternative macrophage activation

A

th2

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27
Q

effector cd4 t cells are produced where

A

secondary lymphoid organ (lymph nodes)

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28
Q

disorders of the th1 in distinguishing self from non-self can cause?

A

autoimmunity and chronic inflammation

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29
Q

Tfh cells cytokies

A

IL-21, IL-4, and IFN-gamma

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30
Q

what substances play a role in the differntiation of naive t cells and the distinguishing factor of what kind of t cell a naive t cell will become (skewing of cd4 to th1, th2. or th17)? ; what produces these substances?

A

cytokines; APCs and NK, Mast cells

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31
Q

distinct cytokine profiles are mediated by

A

transcription factors

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32
Q

T or F. APCs produce cytokines for diff/ prolif of naive CD4 t cells, on the other hand, different subsets of th produce cytokines for positive feedback/ promote its own development and suppress others

A

True

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33
Q

fungi is its host defense

A

th17

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34
Q

what cytokine is produced by the macrophage

A

IL-12

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35
Q

what cytokine is produced by the NK cells

A

IFN-gamma

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36
Q

what cells enhance the proliferation and differentiation th1

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and NK cells

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37
Q

Th1 cells produce what which further amplifies its proliferation and differentiation

A

IFN-gamma

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38
Q

what do you call thr process when effector t-cells activated by APCs (dendritic cells) would go on to enhance phagocytic activity of killing originally extracellular micobes by producing cytokine IFN-gamma

A

Classical Macrophage Activation

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39
Q

IFN-gamma acts on B cells for

A

Promote isotype switching to IgG antibodies, inhibit IL-4 related antibody such as IgE

40
Q

Th1 activate macrophage by what kind of contact mediated signals

A

CD40L - CD40

41
Q

Activated macrophage kill phagocytosed microbes mainly by the actions of

A

ROS, NO, Lysosomal Enzymes

42
Q

in macrophage response, increased expression of ___ and ___ will lead to the increased t-cell activation

A

B7 costimulators and MHC complexes

43
Q

th2 differentiation is mediated and enhanced by what cytokine

A

IL-4

44
Q

IL-4 stimulates Th2 development by activating the transcription factor

A

STAT6

45
Q

STAT6 and TCRs induce expression of

A

GATA3

46
Q

T or F. the cytokine that helps in the differentiation of a certain th subset is also the one that is being produced by the latter for subsequent amplification

A

True

47
Q

helminthic infection, TISSUE REPAIR (ALTERNATIVE MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION), and IgE activation

A

Th2

48
Q

Th2 specific IL and functions

A

IL-5 Eosinophil activation
IL-4 IgE switching
IL-4, IL-13 Alternative Macrophage activation fir tissue repair

49
Q

other function of IL-4 and IL-13, aside from what is commonly mentioned

A

Intestinal mucus secretion and peristalsis for elimination of Helminthic parasites

50
Q

What cytokine is important for mast cell degranulation

A

IL-4

51
Q

signature cytokine of the Th2 subset and function as both inducer and effector cytokine of these cells

A

IL-4

52
Q

stimulates alternative form of macrophage form of activation distinct from macrophage responses by IFN-gamma

A

IL-4 and IL-13

53
Q

stimulates peristalsis in GI tract

A

IL-4 and IL-13

54
Q

increases mucus section from airway and gut epithelial cells

A

IL-13

55
Q

structurally and functionally similar to IL-4

A

IL-13

56
Q

activate mature eosinophils and to stimulate growth and differentiation of eosinophils

A

IL-5

57
Q

Host cell defense of Th2 cells

A

Eosinophil and IgE-mediated reactions such as allergies and combating helminthic parasites
Host defense at Mucosal Barriers
Alternative Macrophage activation for tissue repair

58
Q

development of __ is stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced in response to bacteria and fungi

A

th17

59
Q

the development pf th17 is dependent of what TFs

A

ROR-gamma-t and STAT3

60
Q

the development of th1 is dependent on what TFs

A

STAT4, STAT1, T-bet

61
Q

what cytokine induces neutrophil-rich inflammation

A

IL-17

62
Q

stimulates the production of antimicrobial substances, including defensins, from numerous cell types

A

IL-17

63
Q

TFs of each TH

A

Th1- STAT4, STAT1, T-bet
Th2 - STAT6, GATA3
Th17- STAT3 and ROR-gamma-t

64
Q

this disease is caused by the mutation of STAT3 resulting in a certain defective cytokine which causes increased susceptibility to cutaneous fungal and bacterial infection? what cytokine is affcted?

A

Job syndrome; Th17 (defective)

65
Q

plays a role in the production of defensins

A

th17

66
Q

T or F. Virus can be destroyed if the infected cells are not phagocytes with lysosomal mechanism

A

False; it CANNOT; kelangan phagocytes with lysosomal mechanisms; kaya in non-phagocytic organisms, need ang CD8+ pra derecho na

67
Q

T or F. in phagocytes, if viruses are in the cytosol, they are not accessible to the killing mechanisms of the phagocyte

A

true

68
Q

activation of naive CD8 T-cells require what two features

A

Cross-presentation pathway of antigen presentation by a specialized subset of dendritic cells
Help from CD4 T cells

69
Q

____ are required for CD8 T cell responses to latent viral infections, organ transplants, and tumors

A

CD4 T cells

70
Q

These infections ellicit weak innate immune reactions, thats why CD4 cells are needed to help CD8

A

Latent Viral Infections, Organ Transplants, Tumor

71
Q

2 ways for T helper cells to help CD8

A
  1. Secrete cytokines (through cross presentation)
  2. Licensing of the APC
72
Q

produced by the CD8 themselves or CD4 that promotes the proliferation of CD8 T cells into CTLs and Mmeory Cells

A

IL-2 (2- dalawang types ung mapproduce)

73
Q

Naive CD8 T cells into effector CTLs

A

IL-12 and Type I IFNs

74
Q

survival of memory CD8 T cells

A

IL-15 (5+1=M E M O R Y)

75
Q

produced by activated CD4 T cells which play a role in the induction of CD8 effector and memory cells

A

IL-21

76
Q

In some chronic viral infections, CTL effector responses are generated, but they are then gradually extinguished, a phenomenon called

A

Exhaustion

77
Q

a. Effector T-cells start but shuts down?
b. Lymphocytes fail to develop into effectors?

A

a. Exhaustion
b. Tolerance

78
Q

T cell exhaustion is a results of

A

persistent antigen exposure (chronic)

79
Q

eliminate intracellular microbes mainly by killing infected cells

A

CD8+ CTLs

80
Q

CD8 T cells also secrete ____ and ____ cytokines; what are their roles

A

IFN-gamma - classical macrophage activation
IL-17 inflammation in host defense

81
Q

Killing specificity of CTL-mediated killing is achieved because a close region of contact is formed between CTLs and the antigen-expressing target cells called

A

Immune synapse; the molecules that actually perform the killing are secreted into the synapse and do not diffuse to nearby cells

82
Q

To be efficiently recognized by the CTLs, target cells must express what type of MHC

A

MHC I

83
Q

What integrins are involved in Immune synapse

A

LFA-1 on CTL; ICAM-1 on Target Cell

84
Q

the principle mechanism of CTL-mediated target cell killing

A

delivery of cytotoxic proteins CALLED SECRETORY LYSOSOMES to target cells

85
Q

CTL-mediated target cell killing causes what process

A

Apoptosis

86
Q

induces the uptake of granzyme into the target cell endosome and release into the cytosol, activating caspases

A

Perforin

87
Q

what are responsible for apoptosis

A

caspases

88
Q

two methods of CTL-mediated immune synapsing

A
  1. Perforin/Granzyme-mediated cell killing
  2. Fas/Fas-L-mediated cell killing
89
Q

In psoriasis and other chronic inflammatory skin of the disease, what are usually abundant

A

IL-17 producing CD8 T cells

90
Q

contact sensitivity skin reactions induced by environmental chemicals

A

IFN-gamma producing CD8 T cells

91
Q

inhibition of antigen presentation by interfering with TAP transporters

A

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

92
Q

inhibition of antigen presentation by inhibiting proteosomal activity and the removal of MHC class I from ER

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

93
Q

inhibition of antigen presentation by inhibition of proteosomal activity

A

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

94
Q

anti-inflammatory cytokine

A

IL-10

95
Q

production of IL-10 and inhibition of macrophage activation

A

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

96
Q

inhibition of effector cell activation by soluble cytokine receptors; block cytokine activation of effector cells

A

Pox virus

IMMUNOLOGY (2 decks)

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