effect of sex on health

Question 1

why is it important to address the issues of effects of sex on health

Answer 1

real biological differences
lead to important differences in health outcomes
struggle to recognize differences
struggle to recognize that differences in health outcomes are social not biological

Question 2

what is the most prominent male disease

Answer 2

prostate cancer: 1 in 8

Question 3

what is the most prominent female disease

Answer 3

breast cancer: 1 in 8

Question 4

what sex is taller and stronger

Answer 4

Men are taller than women and double the upper body strength

Question 5

what sex survives better

Answer 5

Women survive better than men at every age

Question 6

what was the life expectancy in Canada 2020 for men

Answer 6

80

Question 7

what was the life expectancy in Canada 2020 for women

Answer 7

84

Question 8

in 2016 how many older than 110 were women

Answer 8

46 of 48 were women

Question 9

what % do boys suffer a higher mortality rate during their first month in life

Answer 9

10% higher mortality rate

Question 10

why is there a biological risk against boys

Answer 10

could be from the one X

Question 11

what is the biological risk against boys compensate by

Answer 11

there is a higher % of sperm carrying Y chromosome

Question 12

is there a social risk against girls

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

why do women survive better than men

Answer 13

cardiovascular disease and hypertension occur earlier in men>women
stress and lifestyle

Question 14

Women die at lower rates for all major diseases except for?

Answer 14

Autoimmune diseases because women have stronger immune systems

Question 15

what sex is more susceptible to parkinson’s and strokes

Answer 15

equal

Question 16

what sex is more susceptible to alzheimer’s

Answer 16

women

Question 17

what % of american suffer from auto-immune diseases

Answer 17

8%

Question 18

what % of those who suffer from auto-immune diseases in america are women

Answer 18

75%

Question 19

what sex has the stronger immune system

Answer 19

women

Question 20

how many genes on the X chromosome

Answer 20

900 genes

Question 21

how many genes on the Y chromosome

Answer 21

55 genes

Question 22

if a woman is a carrier of an x-linked traits what % of her son’s will get the disease

Answer 22

½ of a carrier’s sons will get the disease

Question 23

if a woman is a carrier of an x-linked traits what % of her daughters will carry the disease

Answer 23

½ of a carrier’s daughters will be carriers

Question 24

why can’t father carry x-linked traits

Answer 24

They only have one X and that is the gene expressed so they can’t carry

Question 25

if a disease is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome what is the frequency of mutation vs a normal allele

Answer 25

mutation: 0.08 normal allele: 0.92

Question 26

if a disease is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome what % of men will have the disease

Answer 26

8%

Question 27

if a disease is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome what % of women will have the disease

Answer 27

0.08 squared = 0.0064 = 0.64%

Question 28

what are the five most common x-linked diseases

Answer 28

1. red-green colourblindness 2. hemophilia A and B 3. duchenne muscular dystrophy 4. men have weaker immune systems 5. cognitive disorder

Question 29

what % of men have red-green colourblindness

Answer 29

10%

Question 30

what % of women have red-green colourblindness

Answer 30

1%

Question 31

what is the most common sex-linked phenotype

Answer 31

colourblindness

Question 32

why is colourblindness the most common sex-linked phenotype

Answer 32

is is relatively benign

Question 33

what can colourblindness affect

Answer 33

selecting ripe fruit traffic lights

Question 34

what is hemophilia

Answer 34

Blood clotting disease: failure to stop bleeding

Question 35

what % of men suffer from hemophilia A

Answer 35

1 in 7500 males

Question 36

what % of men suffer from hemophilia B

Answer 36

1 in 40,000 males

Question 37

why is hemophilia common in royals of europe

Answer 37

inbreeding

Question 38

what is duchenne muscular dystrophy

Answer 38

Neuromuscular disease: progressive weakness and breakdown of skeletal muscles

Question 39

what does duchenne muscular dystrophy do

Answer 39

dystrophin is reduced - important protein in normal muscle functioning

Question 40

what % of men have duchenne muscular dystrophy

Answer 40

1 in 5000

Question 41

what % of women have duchenne muscular dystrophy

Answer 41

1 in 50 million

Question 42

how many genes on the X code for immune function

Answer 42

60

Question 43

how many men suffer with cognitive disorders

Answer 43

1 in 600 males

Question 44

what does a higher number of males suffering cognitive disorders suggest

Answer 44

Helps explain why males are overrepresented in low IQ range

Question 45

what experiment did they do with mice to differentiate between men and women without hormones

Answer 45

Created XY mice that don’t secrete androgens XY females compared to XX females XY females: less fat and lower rates of auto-immune diseases - as in humans Support for genetic links to some sex differences in disease

Question 46

the sexes differ in some health outcomes in what ways

Answer 46

reproduction x-linked environmental

Question 47

what used to be assumed in the only difference between the sexes

Answer 47

only difference between the sexes was body size

Question 48

until 1990 what sex was experimented on only

Answer 48

men

Question 49

what type of women did they avoid giving experimental drugs to

Answer 49

pregnant women

Question 50

what sex's hormone levels are more consistent

Answer 50

men

Question 51

why did they only study one sex

Answer 51

cheaper smaller sample size

Question 52

what did only testing on men lead to

Answer 52

Poor understanding of female health

Question 53

of 10 scientific fields how many showed a male bias in animal studies

Answer 53

8

Question 54

what disease has little progress on understanding and developing cures

Answer 54

autoimmune diseases

Question 55

is it possible for women to respond differently to drugs

Answer 55

yes

Question 56

how much more common is it for women to have adverse reactions to drugs than men

Answer 56

1.5x more frequent in women

Question 57

since 1997 how many percription drugs did the USFDA withdraw

Answer 57

10

Question 58

how many of the USFDA withdrawn drugs posed greater risks to women than men

Answer 58

8

Question 59

how many of the USFDA withdrawn drugs were prescribed to more women than men

Answer 59

4

Question 60

how many of the USFDA withdrawn drugs showed a higher % of adverse responses in women than men

Answer 60

4

Question 61

what is the differences between how symptoms present itself in a heartattack for men and women

Answer 61

Men: crushing chest pain Women: insomnia, increasing fatigue & pain anywhere from the head to the chest

Question 62

what is menopause

Answer 62

Cessation of menstrual periods & ability to have children

Question 63

what ages do menopause affect women

Answer 63

Typically between age 45-55

Question 64

at what ages does fertility peak

Answer 64

Fertility peaks in the 20s and then gradually declines

Question 65

how many ovarian follicles are women born with

Answer 65

born with 0.5-1 million ovarian follicles

Question 66

what happens to ovarian follicles as women age

Answer 66

follicles gradually disappear & drop in hormone levels

Question 67

what are the symptoms of menopause caused by

Answer 67

drop in estrogen

Question 68

does menopause exist in other mammals

Answer 68

In virtually all species females die before becoming infertile

Question 69

how long are chimpanzees fertile for

Answer 69

fertile for 40 years but rarely live longer than this in the wild

Question 70

how long are elephants fertile for

Answer 70

Elephants continue having babies into their 60s

Question 71

how common is a long post-menopausal life

Answer 71

rare

Question 72

What species have menopause?

Answer 72

whales

Question 73

why do humans and some other species have menopause; name three hypotheses

Answer 73

1. non-adaptive: longevity hypothesis 2. non-adaptive: reproductive effort hypothesis 3. grandmother hypothesis: adaptive

Question 74

what does the longevity hypothesis suggest

Answer 74

an artifact of living longer

Question 75

what is the suggest reason of the increase in life expectancy due to

Answer 75

decrease in infant mortality

Question 76

did some women experience menopause in ancient societies

Answer 76

yes

Question 77

what does the reproductive effort hypothesis suggest

Answer 77

High cost of having kids leads to physiological deterioration increasing the chances of infertility

Question 78

what is a downfall of the reproductive effort hypothesis

Answer 78

age of menopause is unrelated to number of children

Question 79

what does the grandmother hypothesis say

Answer 79

protects older women from the risks of child birth Allow them to care for and help raise their own children & grandchildren

Question 80

what is unique about the Hadza people (HGs in Kenya)

Answer 80

Grandmothers and aunts help daughters raise more and healthier children Women into their 60s and 70s often brought back more food for families than did women of child bearing age

Question 81

what is the support for the grandmother hypothesis

Answer 81

Study of 3000 Finnish and Canadian women from 18th & 19th centuries Women had 2 extra grandchildren for every 10 years they survived past menopause Presence of a maternal grandmother increased child survival rates in 2/3 of cases (Paternal grandmother: in ½ of cases)

Question 82

when do female killer whales (orcas) stop reproducing

Answer 82

in their 30s-40s

Question 83

at what age do female killers live until

Answer 83

their 90s

Question 84

at what age do male killers live until

Answer 84

30-40

Question 85

how long do female orcas care for their sons

Answer 85

throughout their whole life

Question 86

what happens when mom orcas die

Answer 86

men will die soon after