EENT Flashcards
5 Structures of the External Eye
Eyelid, Conjunctiva, Lacrimal gland, Eye muscles, Bony Skull Orbit
Elevates and retracts the upper eyelid
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
All extraocular muscles except for superior oblique and lateral rectus are innervated by
Oculomotor N. (CN III)
3 layers of Internal Eye
Outer fibrous layer: sclera & cornea
Middle layer: Choroid and ciliary body/iris
Inner layer: Retina
5 major structures of the Internal eye
sclera, cornea, iris, lens, retina
White of the eye, avascular, supports internal eye structures
Sclera
Continuous w/ the sclera anteriorly, clear, sensory innervation for pain, major part of refractive power of the eye
Cornea
The uveal tract is composed of:
Iris, ciliary body, and choroids
a circular, contractile muscular disk containing pigment cells that produce the color of the eye
Iris
Dilates/contracts to control amount of light traveling through the pupil to the retina
Iris
Produces aqueous humor and contains the muscles controlling accommodation
Ciliary body
pigmented, richly vascular layer that supplies oxygen to the outer layer of the retina
Choroid
biconvex, transparent structure located immediately behind the iris; supported circumferentially by fibers arising from the ciliary body
Lens
Contraction and relaxation of _______ changes lens thickness
ciliary body
Sensory network of the eye; transforms light impulses into electrical impulses
Retina
Electrical impulses are transmitted through
optic nerve, optic tract, optic radiation, visual cortex, consciousness in the cerebral cortex
Site of central vision
Macula/fovea
At what age is binocular vision development complete?
3-4 months old
What type of vision is fully developed at birth?
Peripheral vision
At what age is an infant able to differentiate colors?
by 6 months old
Adult visual acuity is achieved at what age?
4 years old
Progressive weakening of accommodation with aging
Presbyopia
Bulging of eye anteriorly out of orbit
Exophthalmos
Inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera anterior to the insertion of the rectus muscles
Episcleritis
Deposition of calcium in the superficial cornea
Band keratopathy
Disruption of the corneal epithelium and stroma
Corneal ulcer
Both eyes do not focus on an object simultaneously
Strabismus
a form of strabismus in which one or more extraocular muscles or their nerve supply is impaired
Paralytic strabismus
Type of strabismus in which the patient can focus with either eye but not with both simultaneously
Nonparalytic strabismus
Triad of ipsilateral miosis, mild ptosis, and loss of hemifacial sweating; results from interruption of sympathetic nerve supply to the eye
Horner syndrome
Opacities in the lens
Cataracts
Dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates
Diabetic retinopathy (background)
Development of new vessels as result of anoxic stimulation
Diabetic retinopathy (proliferative)
occurs when serum triglyceride level exceeds 2000mg/dL
Lipemia retinalis
Autosomal recessive disorder in which the genetic defects cause cell death predominantly in the rod photoreceptors
Retinitis pigmentosa
Disease of the optic nerve resulting from increased intraocular pressure; nerve cells die, producing a characteristic appearance of the optic nerve (increased cupping)
Glaucoma
inflammatory process involving both the choroid and the retina
Chorioretinal inflammation
Caused by a lesion, most commonly a pituitary tumor, interrupting the optic chiasm
Bitemporal hemianopia
Can be caused by a lesion arising in optic nerve radiation on either side of the brain
Homonymous hemianopia
Embryonal malignant tumor arising from retina
Retinoblastoma
Disruption of normal progression of retinal vascular development in preterm infant
Retinopathy of prematurity
occurs in infant victims of shaken-baby syndrome
Retinal hemorrhages in infancy
Convergence of small fragile arteries and veins in the nasal region
Kiesselbach plexus
Space between the buccal mucosa and the outer surface of the teeth and gums
Vestibule
Permanent teeth begin forming in the jaw by what age?
6 months old
Age-related hearing loss is associated with
Degeneration of hair cells in the organ of Corti, loss of cortical and organ of Corti auditory neurons, degeneration of the cochlear conductive membrane, decreased vascularization of the cochlea
Inflammation of the middle ear resulting in the collection of serous, mucoid, or purulent fluid (effusion) when the TM is intact
Otitis media w/ effusion
Inflammation in the middle ear, associated w/ a middle ear effusion that becomes infected by bacterial organisms
Acute otitis media
Inflammation of the auditory canal and external surface of the TM
Otitis externa
Trapped epithelial tissue behind the TM that is often the result of untreated or chronic recurrent otitis media
Cholesteatoma
Hearing loss resulting from reduced transmission of sound to the middle ear
Conductive hearing loss
hearing loss resulting from a disorder of the inner ear, damage to CN VIII, genetic disorders, systemic disease, ototoxic medication, trauma, tumors, and prolonged exposure to loud noise
Sensorineural hearing loss
disorder of progressive hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo that in some cases has a genetic mode of transmission
Meniere’s disease
illusion of rotational movement by a patient, often due to a disorder of the inner ear (Meniere’s disease, vestibular neuritis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo)
Vertigo
bacterial infection of one or more of the paranasal sinuses
Sinusitis
infx of tonsils or posterior pharynx by microorganisms such as GABHS or other strep species, Neisseria gonorrhea, Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Acute pharyngitis
Deep infection in the space between the soft palate and tonsil
Peritonsillar abscess
life-threatening infection in the lateral pharyngeal space that has the potential to occlude the airway; most commonly occurs in children
Retropharyngeal abscess
Cancer involving the oral cavity or related structures
Oral Cancer
What type of cancer is most often associated with oral cancer?
Squamous cell
