EEI 10/30 Gait Flashcards by Nisha Rele

spatial descriptors of gait

step length
stride length
step width
foot angle

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Temporal Descriptors of gait

cadence
stride time
step time

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spatial-temporal descriptors of gait

walking speed

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Step length

R or L length from heel to heel

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Stride length

R + L length from heel to heel

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step width

distance between midsection of both heels (normal = 8-10 cms)
Want our foot going closer to midline to minimize energy expenditure in our hips

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foot angle

transverse plane, how much foot is pointed inward or outward (normal = 5-7 degrees pointed outward

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cadence

-Running research on the best way to land is not really known
-Increase cadence, less landing with heel strike and more with mid foot or forefoot
»>Increases efficiency because there is less impact force at initial contact

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stride time

R + L time from heel to heel

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step time

R or L time from heel to heel

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increased walking speed with:

increased cadence

increased stride length

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what is the significance of faster walking speeds?

greater ground reaction forces
larger excursions of ROM throughout leg
higher forces, moments, muscular forces needed -> THUS higher energy consumption

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is it more efficient to walk a 5 k with really slow or really fast running speed?

Fast: much more energy expenditure, but get to finish line faster
Slow: less energy expenditure, but get to finish line slower
Which is better? It depends on the person

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why is walking speed considered to be the 6th vital sign?

Easy measure that has the potential to predict future health status and functional decline

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normal walking speeds

1.2-1.5 m/s for adults

1 m/s for older adults

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stance phase of gait

heel strike (initial contact)
foot flat (loading response)
midstance
heel off (terminal stance)
toe off (preswing)

swing phase of gait

acceleration (initial swing)
midswing
deceleration (terminal swing)

initial contact

when heel first coems in contact with the grouund

heel strike

foot flat

when toe comes in contact with the ground

-loading response

mid stance

when swing leg starts to approach stance leg and passes it slightly

heel off

plantar flexion, heel rises off the ground and prepares for opposite swing phase

what applications can you apply and study swing phase?

with stroke, neuro, and orthopedic patients

when does loading response/foot flat occur?”

over first 10% of gait
-analyze kinematics and weight acceptance here

-point when forces and moments are highest

pre-swing

toe off
-point before swing where both feet are on the ground
DOUBLE LIMB SUPPORT

importance of stance phase in gait?

60% of time in full gait cycle - double limb support 2 TIMES - 2 major tasks 1. weight acceptance 2. single limb support

what is weight acceptance in gait?

Within STANCE Loading response - brings weight into the limb (initial contact and loading response) 1. Initial contact = instant the foot touches the floor, position limb to respond to loading (VERY SHORT! 0-2% of gait cycle, BUT very important) 2. Loading Response: Initial double stance period, purpose is for shock absorption and weight bearing stability (see hip flexion and knee extension to absorb shock)

what is single limb support in gait

in stance phase - Mid stance - 1/2 of single limb support; COM is high, 10-30% of gait cycle; begins when opposite foot is lifted, ends with ipsilateral hip at 0 degrees in sagittal plane (purpose is to prepare for swing) - Terminal stance - swing is now even; less deviations in terminal stance than mid stance; completes single limb support;

what is the difference between abduction in open chain and closed chain?

Trendelinberg motion in closed chain GLUTE MED weakness -working to keep hips stabilized in frontal plane -move onto R leg, R glute med is weak, and L hip drops

what is the function of glute med in walking

prevents hip drop by creating ABduction

swing phase of gait

40% of full time in gait - pre swing - initial swing - mid swing - terminal swing

theories of gait

6 determinants of gait: walk to reduce vertical and lateral displacement - angulation of femur - inverted pendulum theory

significance of medial angulation of the femur?

goes medially to bring foot closer to midline so that we don't have to stabilize in frontal and transverse planes when walking --> thus, glute med doesn't have to work as hard --> if femur is further from midline, glute med has to work very hard to overcome weight of femur during walking

inverted pendulum theory

fall into each gait cycle | -walking slow doesn't require momentum, but utilized more energy