EEI 10/30 Gait

Question 1

spatial descriptors of gait

Answer 1

step length
stride length
step width
foot angle

Question 2

Temporal Descriptors of gait

Answer 2

cadence
stride time
step time

Question 3

spatial-temporal descriptors of gait

Answer 3

walking speed

Question 4

Step length

Answer 4

R or L length from heel to heel

Question 5

Stride length

Answer 5

R + L length from heel to heel

Question 6

step width

Answer 6

distance between midsection of both heels (normal = 8-10 cms)
Want our foot going closer to midline to minimize energy expenditure in our hips

Question 7

foot angle

Answer 7

transverse plane, how much foot is pointed inward or outward (normal = 5-7 degrees pointed outward

Question 8

cadence

Answer 8

-Running research on the best way to land is not really known
-Increase cadence, less landing with heel strike and more with mid foot or forefoot
»>Increases efficiency because there is less impact force at initial contact

Question 9

stride time

Answer 9

R + L time from heel to heel

Question 10

step time

Answer 10

R or L time from heel to heel

Question 11

increased walking speed with:

Answer 11

increased cadence

increased stride length

Question 12

what is the significance of faster walking speeds?

Answer 12

• greater ground reaction forces
• larger excursions of ROM throughout leg
• higher forces, moments, muscular forces needed -> THUS higher energy consumption

Question 13

is it more efficient to walk a 5 k with really slow or really fast running speed?

Answer 13

• Fast: much more energy expenditure, but get to finish line faster
• Slow: less energy expenditure, but get to finish line slower
• Which is better? It depends on the person

Question 14

why is walking speed considered to be the 6th vital sign?

Answer 14

Easy measure that has the potential to predict future health status and functional decline

Question 15

normal walking speeds

Answer 15

1.2-1.5 m/s for adults

1 m/s for older adults

Question 16

stance phase of gait

Answer 16

heel strike (initial contact)
foot flat (loading response)
midstance
heel off (terminal stance)
toe off (preswing)

Question 17

swing phase of gait

Answer 17

acceleration (initial swing)
midswing
deceleration (terminal swing)

Question 18

initial contact

Answer 18

when heel first coems in contact with the grouund

• heel strike

Question 19

foot flat

Answer 19

when toe comes in contact with the ground

-loading response

Question 20

mid stance

Answer 20

when swing leg starts to approach stance leg and passes it slightly

Question 21

heel off

Answer 21

plantar flexion, heel rises off the ground and prepares for opposite swing phase

Question 22

what applications can you apply and study swing phase?

Answer 22

with stroke, neuro, and orthopedic patients

Question 23

when does loading response/foot flat occur?”

Answer 23

over first 10% of gait
-analyze kinematics and weight acceptance here

-point when forces and moments are highest

Question 24

pre-swing

Answer 24

toe off
-point before swing where both feet are on the ground
DOUBLE LIMB SUPPORT

Question 25

importance of stance phase in gait?

Answer 25

60% of time in full gait cycle

• double limb support 2 TIMES
• 2 major tasks
  1. weight acceptance
  2. single limb support

Question 26

what is weight acceptance in gait?

Answer 26

Within STANCE

Loading response - brings weight into the limb (initial contact and loading response)

				1. Initial contact = instant the foot touches the floor, position limb to respond to loading (VERY SHORT! 0-2% of gait cycle, BUT very important)
				2. Loading Response: Initial double stance period, purpose is for shock absorption and weight bearing stability (see hip flexion and knee extension to absorb shock)

Question 27

what is single limb support in gait

Answer 27

in stance phase

				- Mid stance - 1/2 of single limb support; COM is high, 10-30% of gait cycle; begins when opposite foot is lifted, ends with ipsilateral hip at 0 degrees in sagittal plane (purpose is to prepare for swing) - Terminal stance - swing is now even; less deviations in terminal stance than mid stance; completes single limb support;

Question 28

what is the difference between abduction in open chain and closed chain?

Answer 28

Trendelinberg motion in closed chain

GLUTE MED weakness
-working to keep hips stabilized in frontal plane

-move onto R leg, R glute med is weak, and L hip drops

Question 29

what is the function of glute med in walking

Answer 29

prevents hip drop by creating ABduction

Question 30

swing phase of gait

Answer 30

40% of full time in gait

• pre swing
• initial swing
• mid swing
• terminal swing

Question 31

theories of gait

Answer 31

6 determinants of gait: walk to reduce vertical and lateral displacement

• angulation of femur
• inverted pendulum theory

Question 32

significance of medial angulation of the femur?

Answer 32

goes medially to bring foot closer to midline so that we don’t have to stabilize in frontal and transverse planes when walking

–> thus, glute med doesn’t have to work as hard

–> if femur is further from midline, glute med has to work very hard to overcome weight of femur during walking

Question 33

inverted pendulum theory

Answer 33

fall into each gait cycle

-walking slow doesn’t require momentum, but utilized more energy