EEG states

Question 1

Saper 2005

Answer 1

Flip-flop model of sleep/wake transitions.
VLPO active during sleep states. Inhibits ARAS. GABAergic.
ARAS active during awake/REM. NTs inhibit VLPO. Neurons quiet during sleep e.g. NA silent during SWS/REM but sharp rise when awake, ACh becomes active just before and throughout REM

Question 2

Greco 2000

Answer 2

Lesion VLPO = abolish SWS

Question 3

Brown 2012

Answer 3

EEG sleep stages

Question 4

Halassa 2011

Answer 4

Optogenetics: activate thalamoreticular neurons (inputs from brainstem) = increased thalamic cell bursting so less synchronised firing

Question 5

McCarley 2007

Answer 5

Characteristic PGO waves in REM sleep.

Injection of ACh to pons = REM-like state.

Question 6

Goutagny 2005

Answer 6

Mice lacking M3 receptor = reduced REM

Question 7

Brooks 1972

Answer 7

Reserpine (depletes 5HT in brainstem) = continuous PGO waves

Question 8

Lydic 1983

Answer 8

Clear inverse relationship between dorsal raphe discharge and PGO waves

Question 9

Jouvet

Answer 9

Lesion pontine reticular formation in rats = REM without atonia

Question 10

REM and ACh

Answer 10

ACh neurons in peribrachial area of pons become active just before and during REM (REM-ON neurons).
Pons to geniculate to occipital cortex (PGO).
REM-ON cells suppressed by 5HT and NA.

Question 11

Maatta 2010

Answer 11

Amount of post-training SWS correlated with behavioural performance next day = sleep faciliates LTP

Question 12

Steiger 2010

Answer 12

Sleep contains distinct EEG biomarkers for depression and ADs (suppress REM): can use for diagnosis or to see whether a drug will work