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HELENP EE Conservation Biology and Biodiversity > EE Lecture 38: Adaptive Radiation > Flashcards

EE Lecture 38: Adaptive Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

why do some clades contain more species than others

A

faster speciation rate
slower extinction rate
older therefore had more time to accumulate

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2
Q

how many divergences did it take to lead to 85% vertebrate diversity

A

9

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3
Q

what percentage of diversity did 9 divergences take

A

85%

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4
Q

in a group at a given time since its origin, what does species richness depend on

A

the balance between speciation and extinction

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5
Q

give eqtn for noneqbm explanation of some clades containing more species than others

A

r = b - d

r: net diversification rate
b: speciation rate
d: extinction rate

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6
Q

what does fast life history in mammals lead to

A

faster evoln and rapid speciation, plus lower extinction rates

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7
Q

which selected species have faster net diversification rates

A

clades of r selected species

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8
Q

do K selected species have faster diversification rates than r selected species?

A

no

predict faster net diversification rates in clades of r selected species than in clades of K selected species

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9
Q

how does fast gestation affect extinction

A

fast gestations slows extinction

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10
Q

what is species richness in a clade limited by

A

oportunity eg space and ecological resources

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11
Q

discuss in terms of abiotic factors, why some clades have more species than others

A

groups with more species have
access to more resources - more niches
partition resources more finely -narrower niches
live in larger geographical regions

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12
Q

name a fossil that shows evidence that clades diversify towards limits

A

aquatic beetle

planktonic foraminifera

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13
Q

what do graphs of no.species vs. time (My) of planktonic foraminifera and aquatic beetle show?

A

that species/clades diversify towards limits

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14
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

organisms diversifing into new forms

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15
Q

give some examples of adaptive radiation

A 
Darwins Finches
Carribbean Anoles
Hawaiian honeycreepers
Hawaiian silverswords
Lake Baikal amphipods shrimps
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16
Q

how do Darwins finches shows adaptive radiation

A

13spp

3MYA

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17
Q

how do Carribean Anoles show adaptive radiation

A

c. 400 spp

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18
Q

how do Hawaiian honeycreepers show adaptive radiation

A

~50 spp

~4.5MY

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19
Q

how do Lake Baikal amphipods show adaptive radiation

A

~259spp

but Lake Baikal is an ancient lake = 28MYrs old

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20
Q

how is adaptive radiation initiated

A

ancestor arrives by chance onto enviro empty of competitors and diversified to fill an unusual range of niches

21
Q

how do Hawaiian silverswords show adaptive radiation

A

lianes, trees, cushion plants, rosettes

28spp all within 5MY

22
Q

give an example of non-adaptive radiation

A

plethodon salamanders

23
Q

what is non-adaptive radiation

A

adapted for same niche but in different places

24
Q

what is adaptive non-radiation

A

new adaptation but then diversification

evolnary dead ended

25
Q

give an example of adaptive non-radiation

A

flying frogs
new adaptive zone, morphological and behavioural innovations
not a KEY innovation therefore evolnary dead ended - no diversification

26
Q

what are the steps leading to adaptive radiation

A
  1. sources of ecological opportunity
  2. release from natural selection
  3. ecological release
  4. selection/ecological speciation/character displacement
  5. rapid speciation and morphological divergence
  6. adaptive radiation
27
Q

what sources of ecological opportunity are there that could lead to adaptive radiation

A

key innovation
new habitat
antagonist extinction

28
Q

what types of ecological release is there that could lead to ecological release

A

increased trait variance
density compensation
broader habitat or resource use

29
Q

give details of a key innovation that could result in ecological release

A
  • expanded niche space: nocturnal flight, echolocation

- partition more finely -Cichlid fish in African great lakes

30
Q

give an example of fine niche partitioning

A

Cichlid fish in African great lakes

31
Q

what is antagonist extinction

A

leaving behind - part of ecological opportunity

32
Q

what is an adaptive landscape

A

a mountain
selection usually pushes pops to the top eg. mountain peak - fitness at the top
ecological release fills in adaptive valleys
evoln is less constrained therefore v. fast espesh with directional selection and character displacement

33
Q

what is convergence

A

repeated radiations in same adaptive zone results in convergent patterns of diversity - separate diversification into similar ecomorphs

34
Q

what does convergence provide evidence for1

A

that ecology drives diversification

35
Q

define ecomorph

A

A local variety of a species whose appearance is determined by its ecological environment

36
Q

what are vultures an example of

A

convergence

37
Q

give an example of convergence

A

vultures

38
Q

how do vultures show convergence

A

two groups of vultures, old world and new world

not especially closely related: separate origins of carrion-feeding

39
Q

what is carrion feeding

A

eating dead and decaying flesh

40
Q

what shapes diversification

A

niche differences and ecology

41
Q

how do anolis lizards shows convergent - explain

A 
anolis lizards in the Caribbean
6 ecomorphs that are present on all 4 large islands
mixture of convergent evoln and dispersal between island
-crown giant
-twig
-grass bush
-trunk crown
-trunk
-trunkground
42
Q

what do anolis lizards show

A

convergence

43
Q

where are anolis lizards found

A

in the Caribbean

44
Q

how many anolis ecomorphs are there

A

6, present on all 4 islands of the Caribbean

45
Q

name the 6 ecomorphs of anolis lizards

A 
crown-giant
twig
grass-bush
trunk-crown
trunk
trunk-ground
46
Q

what are the two main components of adaptive radiation

A

taxonomic diversification and ecological diversification

47
Q

what is the key factor of adaptive radiation

A

ecological release

48
Q

what may be the dominant mechanism for todays diversity

A

adaptive radiaton

49
Q

what does convergence provide strong evidence for

A

that ecology drives diversification

HELENP EE Conservation Biology and Biodiversity (8 decks)

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