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HELENP EE Conservation Biology and Biodiversity > EE Lecture 34: The State of Biodiversity > Flashcards

EE Lecture 34: The State of Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

what went down at the 2002 Convention on Biological Diversity

A

made a 2010 target to:
significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010
need indicators of the state of global biodiversity

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2
Q

name some species that have had very sharp popn declines

A 
leatherback turtle
hippo
elegant fat-tailed possum
mauritius kestrel
red howler monkey
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3
Q

describe popn trends in temperate regions

A

increase by 29% on average

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4
Q

describe popn trends in tropical regions

A

decreased by 70%

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5
Q

which regions show greatest increase in popns

A

temperate

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6
Q

what is the living planet index

A

indicator of the state of global biological diversity, vertebrate popn trends

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7
Q

how does LPI vary wrt. to income of country

A

low income countries have greater reduction in biodiversity where more people rely on local biodiv

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8
Q

how much have vertebrate pops declined by? since when?

A

declined by 30% since 1970

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9
Q

name some early attempts at categorising extinct pops

A

The Red Book -1969

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10
Q

why were earlier attempts at categorising endangered pops not successful

A

informal

subjective - low repeatability and easy to challenge

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11
Q

were the targets set by the CBD (convention biological diversity) in 2002 for 2010 met?

A

no

rate of decline is steady at best and pressures are worsening

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12
Q

what scheme is in place currently to determine threatened species

A

IUCN Red List

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13
Q

give order of categories for IUCN Red List

A 
NE -not evaluated
DD - data deficient
LC -Least Concern
NT-Near Threatened
VU- vulnerable
EN-endangered
CR-Critically endangered
EW-Extinct in Wild
EX-Extinct
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14
Q

what does NT and CR and EW stand for

LC

A

Near threatened
Critically endangered
Extinct in Wild
least concern

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15
Q

what are the criteria for Red List

A 
A) Pop reduction
B) Geographic Range distribution
C)Small pop size+decline
D)V small + restricted pop
E)Quantitative Analysis
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16
Q

what determines whether a pop is CR on Red List

A

A)pop reduction&raquo_space;90% in 10yrs

B)extent of occurrence >50% in 10yrs

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17
Q

what is criteria A for IUCN species list

A

pop reduction

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18
Q

what is criteria B for IUCN

A

geographic range and distribution

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19
Q

what is criteria C for IUCN

A

small pop size and decline

20
Q

what is criteria D for IUCN

A

v small and restricted pop

21
Q

what is criteria E for IUCN

A

quanitative analysis

22
Q

if a species had pop reduction of&raquo_space; 50%, which category would it be

A

vulnerable under criteria A of popn reduction

23
Q

if a species had an estimated pop continuing declince of 20% in 3yrs what category would it be in

A

Endangered under category C of IUCN small pop size and decline

24
Q

if a species had a 5000km2 extent of occurence and

A

Endangered, under criteria B of distribution of geographic range

25
Q

if a species had an extinction rate of&raquo_space;50% in 10yrs/3 gen what cateogry would it be in

A

Critically Endangered under criteria E of IUCN stating quantitative analysis

26
Q

what criteria does a species need to make it endangered

A

pop reduction&raquo_space;70%

extent occurence >20%

27
Q

what criteria does a species need to make it vulnerable

A

A)50% decline already
B)20000km2 range & 2000km2 area of occupancy
C)10% predicted to decline
D)>10% probability extinction

28
Q

give an example of a vulnerable species

A

hippo

29
Q

give an example of endangered species and what makes it so

A

western leopard toad
range =1750km2
fragmented habitat
declining pop

30
Q

give an example of endangered species and what makes it so

A

African Wild dog

pop size

31
Q

give example of critically endangered pigeon

A

silvery wood pigeon

pop

32
Q

give an example of a vulnerable species and why

A

aldabra flying fox

one location

33
Q

why is western leopard toad threatened

A

its endangered
only has range = 1750km2
fragmented habitat
declining pop

34
Q

why is african wild dog threated

A

endangered

pop size

35
Q

why is silvery wood pigeon v threated

A

critically endangered

pop

36
Q

why is aldabra flying fox threatened

A

its vulnerable

only one location where it can live

37
Q

what two ways of measuring range size are there

A
  1. extent of occurrence

2. area of occupancy

38
Q

how can you measure range size via extent of occurrence

A

point the localities and range is dot to dot of outside perimeter

39
Q

how can you measure range size using area of occupancy

A

point localities, then do bar through each suggesting where range of each locality is (looks like a score through a point)

40
Q

which percentages species are threatened with extinction

A

11% birds
25% mammals
33% amphibians

41
Q

how many species are critically endangered

A

3879

42
Q

what does the number of species critically endangered suggest about how many extinctions there are per year
what can you assume about the number of species that will die out

A

3879 CR

may be ~20 extinctions per year - assuming half will die out in 10 years

43
Q

what are the pros of the Red Listing approach

A

easy to use
practical
applicable
makes allowance for rough data rather than requiring a single number

44
Q

what are the cons of the Red List approach

A

% boundaries mean orgs close to threshold could be put in the wrong category
use of multiple criteria and no statistical method
looks @ species as a whole but could be variations among different pops
still reliant on being able to catch enough data

45
Q

How is the Red List Index calculated

A

for groups that have been asessed multiple times:
calculate % species going ujp ladder and % down
express as Red List Index - steepness of sloe = rate of change

46
Q

what is the Red List Index

A

based on the IUCN Red List and indicates the changing state of global biodiversity. It defines the conservation status of major species groups, and measures trends in extinction risk over time.

HELENP EE Conservation Biology and Biodiversity (8 decks)

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