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M1 revision > EE > Flashcards

EE Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 Qs and who came up with them?

A

Niko Tinbergen: The types of questions to ask about EE: Mechanism, Ontogony (dev), Adaptive function, and Phylogeny.

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2
Q

When was the Origin of Species and what where its 4 key points?

A

Darwin (1859)
NS theory
Documentation of: presence of variation, species change over time, artificial selection (e.g. cattle, agriculture, pigeons)

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3
Q

Who combined the theories of the Biometricians and the Mendelians?

A

Fisher/Haldane/Wright (1940s)- Modern Synthesis

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4
Q

When and what was the Scopes Monkey Trial?

A

1925- trial of a teacher who attempted to teach his students evolution… mock trial?

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5
Q

What is an example of the fact that most mutations are lethal?

A

A study inducing 100 random artificial mutations in the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus resulted in 40% of them being lethal.

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6
Q

Who were 4 contributors to theories of speciation?

A

Mayr (1942) Founder principle -> genetic revolutions
Carson- Founder-flush
Templeton- Genetic transilience
Margulis- internal symbionts

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7
Q

What is the name for multiple species that appear the same?

A

Cryptic species

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8
Q

What is the unified species concept?

A

That a species is a Separately Evolving Metapopulation Lineage

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9
Q

What is an example of a problem with the Phylogenetic species concept?

A

Taxonomic inflation in primates

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10
Q

Name 6 modes of speciation

A

Simple drift
Polyploidy (especially in unicellular orgs)
Hybridisation (between two diff species, esp in proks)
Allopatry (no gene flow- completely isolated)
Parapatry
Sympatry (not at all isolated)

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11
Q

What are two subtypes of Allopatry?

A 
Peripatry (diff size pops isolated, quicker speciation)
Vicariant Allopatry (same size pops isolated)
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12
Q

What are two subtypes of parapatry?

A 
Stepping stone (close envs)
Clines (merging envs)
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13
Q

Give an example of sympatric speciation

A

Host shift in the Apple Maggot Fly: due to assertive mating and habitat preferences. Only mated on hawthorn trees, but after apple trees were introduced some mated there instead. Still in the same place.

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14
Q

Why might speciation be ‘reversed’? Give an example

A

Recently diverged species might continue to meet in ‘hybrid zones’ and will reconverge depending on relative fitness and reproductive barriers. E.g. birds meeting in the Canadian Rockies ecotone (alpine, praries- geographical diversity)

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15
Q

Give 4 assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

A

Infinite pop size
Random mating
No diff. in organism viability
No mutation

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16
Q

What is it called when two mutations help eachother in terms of fitness?

A

Parallelism (can lead to linkage?)

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17
Q

Give an example of an experiment on evolution

A

Lenski (1988-) Long Term Evolution Experiment on 12 initially identical E.coli pops. Has reached over 60,000 generations. Fossil record from cyrogenic freezing. Diminishing returns adaptation pattern.

18
Q

What is w in terms of pop genetics?

A

Fitness (reproduction rate) in relation to average fitness of the population (w-bar)
1+s for dominant homozygous
1+hs for heterozygous
1 for recessive homozygous

19
Q

What is s in terms of population genetics?

A 
The selection coefficient: if there is a change or not in w when an allele is homozygous. 
s=1 lethal!
s<0 deleterious
s>0 beneficial
s=0 neutral
20
Q

What is h in terms of population genetics?

A

dominance: the extent to which a heterozygous gene will mask the effect of the allele.
h=1 dominant- not masked
h=0 recessive- masked

21
Q

How do you calculate W-bar (average fitness)?

A

The sum of (allele frequency x fitness) for each of p^2, 2pq, q^2

22
Q

How do you calculate P’ (allele freq in next generation)?

A

(homozygous dominant + 1/2/heterozygous)/ W-bar

23
Q

What another word for a randomly determined process?

A

A stochastic process

24
Q

What is it called when an initially rare allele wipes out all other alleles for that gene?

A

A selective sweep

25
Q

Give an example of a selective sweep

A

Evolution of reduced body armour in stickleback fish when in freshwater vs marine

26
Q

How do you add migration into the HW equation?

A

m=P(alleles migrated)
p=avg allele freq on other islands
P2= P1(1-m) + pm

27
Q

Give 3 examples of adaptation in animals

A

Sex change in bluehead wrasse fish
Cannibalism of males by redback spider females
Great tit clutch size 8-9 (Lack clutch size 8-12)

28
Q

Give an example of a strategy set that varies with a condition

A

Condition is water levels: Over 102yrs, severe drought led to competition between G.fortis ground finches: led to selection for smaller beak sizes.

29
Q

By how much is an adult bird’s metabolic rate increased when gathering food for chicks?

A

7x

30
Q

What is the Hamilton rule for fitness?

A

Inclusive fitness= direct fitness + indirect fitness

31
Q

What is the modelled condition for kin selection?

A

Cself < B(others x Relatedness)

32
Q

What is the modelled condition for group selection (multi-level)?

A

Cself < (Bself x Rgroup)

33
Q

What are 2 subtypes of non-enforced direct benefits?

A 
Feedback benefits (group)
By-product benefits (herd)
34
Q

What are 4 subtypes of enforced direct benefits?

A 
Policing
Punishment
Reward
Reciprocity- reputational indirect
Reciprocity- direct experienced
35
Q

Give 2 examples of policing

A

piRNAs recognise transposons, lead PIWI proteins there to silence them
in social mongoose dominants kill pups of subordinates when born earlier

36
Q

What are 3 types of indirect benefits?

A 
Greenbeard gene (directs altruism towards copies of itself)
Limited dispersal
Kin discrimination (sensory identification, genetic vs environmental)
37
Q

Give an example of limited dispersion altruism

A

Rhamnolipid secretion in P.aeruginosa

38
Q

What is economic game theory?

A

Depends on actions of those around you

39
Q

Who were involved in developing behavioural adaptation theories?

A

H.G.Wells- eusocial insects
R.A.Fisher- thought indirect wasn’t important
Wynne-Edwards- for the good of the species
Price- evolutionary game theory
Hamilton- inclusive fitness
Wilson- group selection theory

40
Q

What did Mary Anning discover?

A

Pleiosaur
Icthyosaur
Coprolites

M1 revision (3 decks)

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