EE

Question 1

What are the 4 Qs and who came up with them?

Answer 1

Niko Tinbergen: The types of questions to ask about EE: Mechanism, Ontogony (dev), Adaptive function, and Phylogeny.

Question 2

When was the Origin of Species and what where its 4 key points?

Answer 2

Darwin (1859)
NS theory
Documentation of: presence of variation, species change over time, artificial selection (e.g. cattle, agriculture, pigeons)

Question 3

Who combined the theories of the Biometricians and the Mendelians?

Answer 3

Fisher/Haldane/Wright (1940s)- Modern Synthesis

Question 4

When and what was the Scopes Monkey Trial?

Answer 4

1925- trial of a teacher who attempted to teach his students evolution… mock trial?

Question 5

What is an example of the fact that most mutations are lethal?

Answer 5

A study inducing 100 random artificial mutations in the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus resulted in 40% of them being lethal.

Question 6

Who were 4 contributors to theories of speciation?

Answer 6

Mayr (1942) Founder principle -> genetic revolutions
Carson- Founder-flush
Templeton- Genetic transilience
Margulis- internal symbionts

Question 7

What is the name for multiple species that appear the same?

Answer 7

Cryptic species

Question 8

What is the unified species concept?

Answer 8

That a species is a Separately Evolving Metapopulation Lineage

Question 9

What is an example of a problem with the Phylogenetic species concept?

Answer 9

Taxonomic inflation in primates

Question 10

Name 6 modes of speciation

Answer 10

Simple drift
Polyploidy (especially in unicellular orgs)
Hybridisation (between two diff species, esp in proks)
Allopatry (no gene flow- completely isolated)
Parapatry
Sympatry (not at all isolated)

Question 11

What are two subtypes of Allopatry?

Answer 11

Peripatry (diff size pops isolated, quicker speciation)
Vicariant Allopatry (same size pops isolated)

Question 12

What are two subtypes of parapatry?

Answer 12

Stepping stone (close envs)
Clines (merging envs)

Question 13

Give an example of sympatric speciation

Answer 13

Host shift in the Apple Maggot Fly: due to assertive mating and habitat preferences. Only mated on hawthorn trees, but after apple trees were introduced some mated there instead. Still in the same place.

Question 14

Why might speciation be ‘reversed’? Give an example

Answer 14

Recently diverged species might continue to meet in ‘hybrid zones’ and will reconverge depending on relative fitness and reproductive barriers. E.g. birds meeting in the Canadian Rockies ecotone (alpine, praries- geographical diversity)

Question 15

Give 4 assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

Answer 15

Infinite pop size
Random mating
No diff. in organism viability
No mutation

Question 16

What is it called when two mutations help eachother in terms of fitness?

Answer 16

Parallelism (can lead to linkage?)

Question 17

Give an example of an experiment on evolution

Answer 17

Lenski (1988-) Long Term Evolution Experiment on 12 initially identical E.coli pops. Has reached over 60,000 generations. Fossil record from cyrogenic freezing. Diminishing returns adaptation pattern.

Question 18

What is w in terms of pop genetics?

Answer 18

Fitness (reproduction rate) in relation to average fitness of the population (w-bar)
1+s for dominant homozygous
1+hs for heterozygous
1 for recessive homozygous

Question 19

What is s in terms of population genetics?

Answer 19

The selection coefficient: if there is a change or not in w when an allele is homozygous. 
s=1 lethal!
s<0 deleterious
s>0 beneficial
s=0 neutral

Question 20

What is h in terms of population genetics?

Answer 20

dominance: the extent to which a heterozygous gene will mask the effect of the allele.
h=1 dominant- not masked
h=0 recessive- masked

Question 21

How do you calculate W-bar (average fitness)?

Answer 21

The sum of (allele frequency x fitness) for each of p^2, 2pq, q^2

Question 22

How do you calculate P’ (allele freq in next generation)?

Answer 22

(homozygous dominant + 1/2/heterozygous)/ W-bar

Question 23

What another word for a randomly determined process?

Answer 23

A stochastic process

Question 24

What is it called when an initially rare allele wipes out all other alleles for that gene?

Answer 24

A selective sweep

Question 25

Give an example of a selective sweep

Answer 25

Evolution of reduced body armour in stickleback fish when in freshwater vs marine

Question 26

How do you add migration into the HW equation?

Answer 26

m=P(alleles migrated) p*=avg allele freq on other islands P2= P1(1-m) + p*m

Question 27

Give 3 examples of adaptation in animals

Answer 27

Sex change in bluehead wrasse fish Cannibalism of males by redback spider females Great tit clutch size 8-9 (Lack clutch size 8-12)

Question 28

Give an example of a strategy set that varies with a condition

Answer 28

Condition is water levels: Over 102yrs, severe drought led to competition between G.fortis ground finches: led to selection for smaller beak sizes.

Question 29

By how much is an adult bird's metabolic rate increased when gathering food for chicks?

Answer 29

7x

Question 30

What is the Hamilton rule for fitness?

Answer 30

Inclusive fitness= direct fitness + indirect fitness

Question 31

What is the modelled condition for kin selection?

Answer 31

Cself < B(others x Relatedness)

Question 32

What is the modelled condition for group selection (multi-level)?

Answer 32

Cself < (Bself x Rgroup)

Question 33

What are 2 subtypes of non-enforced direct benefits?

Answer 33

``` Feedback benefits (group) By-product benefits (herd) ```

Question 34

What are 4 subtypes of enforced direct benefits?

Answer 34

``` Policing Punishment Reward Reciprocity- reputational indirect Reciprocity- direct experienced ```

Question 35

Give 2 examples of policing

Answer 35

piRNAs recognise transposons, lead PIWI proteins there to silence them in social mongoose dominants kill pups of subordinates when born earlier

Question 36

What are 3 types of indirect benefits?

Answer 36

``` Greenbeard gene (directs altruism towards copies of itself) Limited dispersal Kin discrimination (sensory identification, genetic vs environmental) ```

Question 37

Give an example of limited dispersion altruism

Answer 37

Rhamnolipid secretion in P.aeruginosa

Question 38

What is economic game theory?

Answer 38

Depends on actions of those around you

Question 39

Who were involved in developing behavioural adaptation theories?

Answer 39

H.G.Wells- eusocial insects R.A.Fisher- thought indirect wasn't important Wynne-Edwards- for the good of the species Price- evolutionary game theory Hamilton- inclusive fitness Wilson- group selection theory

Question 40

What did Mary Anning discover?

Answer 40

Pleiosaur Icthyosaur Coprolites