Edward And Scotland (PART OF MILITARY CAMPAIGNS) Flashcards
When Alexander 111 of Scotland died, who did they agree should be Heir?
His grand daughter (Margret -maid of Norway)
The Scottish Parliament appointed six guardians to rule in her place
however she died on the way over to Scotland as she was only still a child.
Who did Edward agree had the best claims out of the 14 claimants?
John Balliol and Robert the Bruce the Fifth.
Both descended from King David 1 but Balliol’s claim was stronger
Who did Edward pick and why?
Robert marched on Perth, looking like he was gonna take the throne by force
Edward chose John Balliol as he thought he would be weak and easy to control.
Therefore, he demanded Balliol pay homage to him and Edward demanded money and troops from Scots to fight the French
What did Edward start to demand from the Scots?
He insisted that Balliol pay homage to him at Newcastle in 1292
He demanded that the Scots supply him with money and troops to fight the French
What happened in 1295?
The Scots deposed Balliol and replaced him with 12 guardians
What did the Scots do in 1296 after feeling threatened?
They made an alliance with France
They also made the first moves, attacking Northern England and threatening Carlisle
However, this increased Edward’s support in England (allowed him to finance an army)
What did Edward do in March 1296?
He led a force of 1,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry into Scotland
Many of his troops were Scottish and some led by Robert the Bruce the 6th
What happened at the Battle of Berwick?
Edward’s army laid siege to it (it was Scotland’s main port)
The town was given the opportunity to surrender but refused.
They attacked by setting Edward’s ships on fire and causing a full blown attack in town
What happened at the town of Berwick?
The town was sacked and perhaps 7,000 killed or burned to death
The garrison in the castle surrender and was allowed to leave on the condition that they took no further part in war
Edward refortified the town and brought in English settlers to restart the economy as Berwick was now an English town
What was Dunbar castle?
It was the home of the Earl of March who was fighting in support of the English
However, his wife invited Scots into the castle and prepared to defy Edward’s army
What happened at Dunbar castle?
John balliol and his army helped the Earl’s wife
On 27 April 1296, two forced of cavalry charged each other
The Scots were driven from the field and scattered across the countryside
Edward arrived to accept the surrender ,from the Scots, of the castle the next day
Why were Stirling Castle and Stirling bridge useful?
They were the gateway to Northern Scotland
What happened when Edward arrived?
John balliol was captured and sent to the Tower of London
The stone of destiny (above where Scottish kings are crowned) was removed from Scone abbey and taken to Westminster Abbey by Edward as a sign of his victory
Why had this enhanced Edward’s reputation?
The speed and decisiveness of Edward’s victory enchanted his reputation as a fearsome military leader
What did rules did Edward create that the Scots had to abide by?
Taxes and troops to fight the French
Confiscation of the wool crop to pay some of Edward’s debts
The lands of who supported Balliol were given to people who had supported Edward
Scots had to feed the English garrisons
How were Scots who supported Edward feeling alienated?
Scots like Earl of March and Robert the Bruce felt alienated as Edward was treating Scotland like a colony for his own benefit and there was no Scottish King
Who was William Wallace?
He first became important when he murdered an English Sheriff and fled to a forest
He hated the English and carried out a series of attacks on isolated English garrisons
How did his reputation inspire others?
He earned a reputation of a successful warrior and won support of some Scottish Lords
Many rebelled against the English, inspired by Wallace, e.g. MacDougalls, the de Morays and Robert the Bruce
Why was an army sent (by Edward ) in 1297?
By August 1297, Wallace and Andrew de Moray controlled most of the north of Scotland so Edward sent an army to relive some English garrison marooned in Dundee
They had to travel across Stirling bridge
Which side was the English army and Scottish army at, at Stirling bridge?
Scots on the north bank of river and English on the south
The north end lend to a marshy area where it would be difficult for an army to be deployed effectively
A Scottish knight (who’d joined the English) pointed out that a ford a couple miles upstream would be safer but he was ignored
Why did Edward send two Friars to Wallace?
He expected that Wallace would surrender as he was greatly outnumbered
However, the two Friars returned with Wallace’s words ‘Tell your commander that we are not here to make peace but to do battle, defend ourselves and liberate our country’
What happens at the Battle of Stirling Bridge?
Wallace was determined to fight(despite being outnumbered)
When the English crossed the bridge, Wallace’s men descended from the mountains with spears, occupying the bride and forcing many to drown
How many English casualties were there?
Over 5,000 infantry and about 100 cavalry died in battle
What happened after the battle?
The Earl of Surrey, commander of English Army, panicked and fled south which left the garrisons in studying castle and Dundee isolated and force them to surrender
English officials who were in Scotland ruling Scotland were hated, attacked and killed by the Scottish rebels
What happened to Wallace and de Moray and Scotland?
They defeated the English and drove them out of Scotland
Wallace was made sole Guardian of Scotland
Stirling bridge renewed hope in the Scots and made life much more difficult for Edward, in Scotland and England
Why was Edward having issues in England at the time?
.
He was distracted by events in England and France
He had been forced to re-issue Magna Carta because many of his barons didn’t trust him
He’d also had problems trying to get Parliament to vote him a tax so he could fight the Scots
What did William Wallace do next?
He invaded north England and reached Durham
How did this unwittingly help Edward?
This united England and Edward was able (in 1298) to raise an army.
Before heading into Scotland, Edward went on pilgrimages to the shrines of St John of Bridlington and St Cuthbert Durham
This was to seek God’s blessing on his invasion
What happened at the Battle of Falkirk 1298?
Edward defeated the Scots as the archers were Edward’s advantage.
Wallace’s circles of infantry (protected from cavalry by long spears) were defeated by English cavalry
How was Edward helped by Scottish division?
Some of the Scottish Cavalry left the battlefield, having made a secret deal with Edward in return for land in England
Wallace escaped and headed north for safety
Edward’s army then ravished the land of Scotland for revenge
How did Wallace try and get the pope’s help?
He sent emissaries to the pope and cause the Pope to write to Edward in 1299, to demand that he left Scotland
He threatened excommunication if he didn’t obey
Nevertheless, Edward carried on sending armies into Scotland though he could not defeat the scattered forces
How did Edward start having more and more problems?
He was having difficulties with the English Parliament
In 1301, parliament refused him a tax, as did the clergy
Feudal summons to join the army often went unanswered as people became increasingly resentful of the cost of Edward’s war
How did Edward refuse to give up ?
In 1303, he led his fourth invasion of Scotland with at least 9,500 infantry and 3,500 cavalry
He made considerable progress in a two-pronged attack from Carlisle to Berwick
What did he use to help his invasion?
He used up to 200 ships to supply his armies
3 wooden bridges were constructed in King’s lynn and shipped to Scotland for crossing the forth
Siege engines were used to lay siege to castles, especially Stirling Castle
What did most Scots do by early 1304?
They submitted to Edward with Edward spending the winter ready to continue his campaign
What did Edward do in March 1304?
He held a parliament in St Andrews to sort out arrangements for ruling Scotland
He promised that all laws, customs usages and franchises be kept in all parts as they were in the time of Alexander 111
Who was in charge of the government of Scotland?
John of Brittany (Englishmen)
However, 18 out of 22 sheriffs were Scottish
Some leading Scots were exiled, but most were pardoned and retained their lands
What happened to William Wallace?
A reward was placed on his head
In August 1305, he was betrayed, captured and taken to London in chains
He was then tried, hanged, drawn and quartered with his head placed in a spike on the Tower of London
The 4 parts of his body were sent to Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling and Perth
What happens to Robert the Bruce?
He didn’t want to leave peacefully under Edward’s rule so he stabbed a rival claimant to the Scottish throne(John Comyn) to death and was crowned King of Scotland
He was outlawed by Edward and excommunicated by the Pope
However he continued to fight a campaign against the English
What happened when the Scots rebelled against the English in 1307?
Edward gathered his army and headed north (despite being unwell)
B early July, he had reached Burgh by Sands in Cumbria
He died on the morning of 7th July
What happened to Edward’s body?
It was taken south and left lying in state in Waltham Abbey where he was buried in Westminster Abbey 27th October 1307
His grave said to ‘keep the vow’ meaning his promise to defeat Robert the Bruce
How was the vow unfulfilled?
Robert the Bruce defeated the English at Bannockburn in 1314
This ensured Scotland’s independence from England
