EducPsych Santrock S-Z Flashcards
A technique that involves
changing the level of support for learning. A teacher or more-advanced peer adjusts the amount of guidance to fi t the student’s current performance.
scaffolding
Partial reinforcement
timetables that determine when a response will be reinforced.
schedules of reinforcement
Information—concepts, knowledge, information about events—that already exists in a person’s mind.
schema
In Piaget’s theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
schemas
Theories based on the premise that when we construct information, we fit it into information that already exists in our mind.
schema theories
A social constructivist program that combines aspects of The Jasper Project, Fostering a Community of Learners (FCL), and Computer-Supported Intentional Learning Environments (CSILE).
Schools for Th ought (SFT)
A schema for an event.
script
Test items with an objective format in which student responses can be scored quickly. A scoring guide for
correct responses is created and can be applied by an examiner or a computer.
selected-response items
Focusing on a specific
aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.
selective attention
The highest and most elusive
of Maslow’s needs; the motivation to develop
one’s full potential as a human being.
self-actualization
The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
self-efficacy
Also called self-image and self-worth, the individual’s overall conception of
herself or himself.
self-esteem
Cognitive behavior techniques aimed at teaching individuals to modify their own behavior.
self-instructional methods
The self-generation and self-monitoring of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to reach a goal.
self-regulatory learning
An individual’s general
knowledge about the world, independent of the individual’s identity with the past.
semantic memory
The meaning of words and
sentences.
semantics
A classroom arrangement
style in which large numbers of students (10 or more) sit in circular, square, or U-shaped
arrangements.
seminar style
The first Piagetian stage,
lasting from birth to about 2 years of age, in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions.
sensorimotor stage
Memory that holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant.
sensory memory
The principle that recall is better for items at the beginning and the end of a list than for items in the
middle.
serial position effect
A concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along some quantitative
dimension.
seriation
A form of education that
promotes social responsibility and service to the community.
service learning
Teaching new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations to a specified target behavior.
shaping
A constructed-response
format in which students are required to write a word, a short phrase, or several sentences in response to a task.
short-answer item
A limited-capacity memory
system in which information is retained at least 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed, in which case it can be retained longer.
short-term memory
Th e idea that thinking
occurs (is situated) in social and physical
contexts.
situated cognition
A temperament style in which the child has a low activity
level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.
slow-to-warm-up child
Bandura’s theory that social and cognitive factors, as well as behavior, play important roles in learning.
social cognitive theory
Approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning
and the idea that knowledge is mutually built and constructed. Vygotsky’s theory exemplifies this approach.
social constructivist approach
Needs and desires that are
learned through experiences with the social
world.
social motives
The fi eld that seeks to promote civic competence with the goal of helping students make informed and reasoned decisions for the public good as citizens of a culturally diverse, democratic society in an interdependent
world.
social studies
A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
socioeconomic status (SES)
Involves problems in language development
that are not accompanied by other obvious physical, sensory, or emotional problems; in some cases, the disorder is called developmental language disorder.
specific language impairment (SLI)
A number of speech problems (such as articulation disorders, voice disorders, and fluency disorders)
and language problems (difficulties in receiving information and expressing language).
speech and language disorders
The circumstances in which development is uneven across domains.
splintered development
Reliability judged by dividing the test items into two halves, such as the odd-numbered and even-numbered items. Th e scores on the two sets of items are compared to determine how consistently the students performed across each set
split-half reliability
A measure of how much
a set of scores varies on the average around the mean of the scores.
standard deviation
Tests with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. They assess students’ performance in different domains and allow a student’s performance to
be compared with the performance of other students at the same age or grade level on a national basis.
standardized tests
Tests that assess skills that students are expected to have mastered before they can be promoted to the next grade or permitted to graduate.
standards-based tests
A score expressed as a deviation from the mean; involves the standard
deviation.
standard score
A nine-point scale that describes a student’s performance.
stanine score
Th e anxiety that one’s behavior might confirm a negative stereotype
about one’s group.
stereotype threat
Creation of a new
procedure for processing information.
strategy construction
Th e process of setting intermediate goals that place students in a better position
to reach the final goal or solution.
subgoaling
Assessment aft er instruction
is finished to document student performance; also called formal assessment.
summative assessment
Maintaining attention over an extended period of time; also called vigilance.
sustained attention
The first substage of preoperational thought, occurring between about 2 to 4 years of age; the ability to represent an object not present develops and symbolic thinking increases; egocentrism is present.
symbolic function substage
The ways that words must be combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.
syntax
A method based on classical conditioning that reduces anxiety by getting the individual to associate deep
relaxation with successive visualizations of increasingly anxiety-provoking situations.
systematic desensitization
Breaking down a complex task that students are to learn into its component parts.
task analysis
Also called teacher-researcher, this concept involves classroom teachers conducting their own studies to improve their teaching practice.
teacher-as-researcher
A person’s behavioral style
and characteristic ways of responding.
temperament
The extent to which a
test yields the same performance when a student
is given the same test on two occasions.
test-retest reliability
Awareness of one’s own
mental processes and the mental processes of others.
theory of mind
Manipulating and transforming information in memory, which often is done
to form concepts, reason, think critically, make decisions, think creatively, and solve problems.
thinking
Removing an individual from positive reinforcement.
time-out
transactional strategy instruction approach
A cognitive approach to reading that emphasizes
instruction in strategies, especially metacognitive strategies.
Applying previous experiences and knowledge to learning or problem solving in a new situation.
transfer
The ability to reason and logically combine relationships.
transitivity
Sternberg’s view that intelligence comes in three main forms: analytical, creative, and practical.
triarchic theory of intelligence
The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure and whether
inferences about the test scores are accurate
and appropriate.
validity
An approach to moral
education that emphasizes helping people clarify what their lives are for and what is
worth working for; students are encouraged to defi ne their own values and understand the values of others.
values clarification
Disorders producing speech
that is hoarse, harsh, too loud, too highpitched, or too low-pitched.
voice disorders
A system for browsing Internet sites that refers to the World Wide Web; named
the Web because it is comprised of many sites that are linked together.
web
An approach that stresses that reading instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning
and that reading materials should be whole and meaningful.
whole-language approach
Placing students in two or three groups within a class to take into account differences in students’ abilities.
within-class ability grouping
A management style described by Kounin in which teachers show students that
they are aware of what is happening. Such teachers closely monitor students on a regular basis and thus are able to detect inappropriate behavior early, before it gets out of hand.
withitness
A three-part system that
holds information temporarily as a person performs a task. A kind of “mental workbench”
that lets individuals manipulate, assemble,
and construct information when they make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend written and spoken language.
working memory
Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone
but that can be mastered with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
A score that provides information about how many standard deviations a raw score is above or below the mean.
z-score
