EducPsych Santrock E-L Flashcards
The issue of the degree to which early experiences (especially infancy) or later experiences are the key determinants of the child’s development.
early-later experience issue
A temperament style in which the child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and easily adapts to new experiences.
easy child
Bronfenbrenner’s theory
that consists of five environmental systems: micro system, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
ecological theory
Th e branch of psychology that specializes in understanding teaching and learning in educational settings.
educational psychology
Th e extensiveness of information processing involved in encoding.
elaboration
Serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears associated with personal or school matters, and other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.
emotional and behavioral disorders
The ability to perceive and express emotion accurately and adaptively, to understand emotion and emotional knowledge, to monitor one’s own and others’ emotions and feelings, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action.
emotional intelligence
Providing people with intellectual and coping skills to succeed and make this a more just world.
empowerment
The principle that associations formed at the time of encoding or learning tend to be effective retrieval cues.
encoding specificity principle
Th e process by which information gets into memory.
encoding
A widely used term for bilingual education programs and classes that teach English to students whose native language is not English.
English as a second language (ESL)
A neurological disorder characterized by recurring sensorimotor attacks or
movement convulsions.
epilepsy
The retention of information about the where and when of life’s happenings.
episodic memory
A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one
stage of thought to the next. The shift occurs as children experience cognitive conflict, or disequilibrium, in trying to understand the world. Eventually, they resolve the conflict and reach a balance, or equilibrium, of thought.
equilibration
Items that require more writing than other formats but allow more freedom
of response to questions.
essay items
Questions that reflect the heart of the curriculum, the most important things that students should explore and learn.
essential questions
A shared pattern of characteristics such as cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language.
ethnicity
In-depth description and interpretation of behavior in an ethnic or a cultural group that includes direct involvement with the participants.
ethnographic study
Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and
compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.
executive attention
Th e group whose experience is manipulated in an experiment.
experimental group
Research that allows the determination of the causes of behavior; involves conducting an experiment, which is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied is manipulated and all others are held constant.
experimental research
Also called subject matter knowledge; means excellent knowledge about the content of a particular discipline.
expert knowledge
Organizers that provide students with new knowledge that will orient them to the upcoming lesson.
expository advance organizer
The ability to use language to express one’s thoughts and communicate with others.
expressive language
The external motivation to do something to obtain something else (a means to an end).
extrinsic motivation
A classroom arrangement
style in which students sit facing each other.
face-to-face style
Having low expectations
for success and giving up at the first sign of difficulty.
failure syndrome
The transfer of learning to a situation that is very different from the one in which the initial learning took place.
far transfer
Using a prior strategy and thereby failing to examine a problem from a fresh, new
perspective.
fixation
Disorders that often involve
what is commonly referred to as “stuttering.”
fluency disorders
Piaget’s fourth cognitive developmental stage, which emerges between about 11 and 15 years of age; thought is more abstract, idealistic, and logical in this stage.
formal operational stage
Assessment during the course of instruction rather than after it is completed.
formative assessment
Occurs when the individual looks to apply learned information to a future situation.
forward-reaching transfer
A social constructivist program that focuses on literacy development and biology. FCL encourages reflection and discussion through the use of adults as role models, children teaching children, and online computer consultation.
Fostering a Community of Learners (FCL)
A listing of scores, usually from highest to lowest, along with the number of times each score appears.
frequency distribution
States that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations: (1) verbatim memory trace and (2) fuzzy trace, or gist. In this theory, older children’s better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces created by extracting the gist of information.
fuzzy trace theory
Th e sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old.
gender identity
A set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.
gender role
States that gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate
and gender-inappropriate in their culture.
gender schema theory
Broad categories that reflect impressions and beliefs about what behavior is appropriate for females and males.
gender stereotypes
The characteristics of people as males and females.
gender
Acquisition of a traditional
masculine or feminine role.
gender typing
Th e match between a child’s
temperament and the environmental demands
the child must cope with.
goodness of fit
A score that indicates a student’s performance in relation to grade level and months of the school year, assuming a 10-month school year.
grade-equivalent score
Translating descriptive assessment information into letters, numbers, or other marks that indicate the quality of a student’s learning or performance.
grading
A feeling of thankfulness and appreciation, especially in response to someone doing something kind or helpful.
gratitude
A portfolio of work produced
over an extended time frame (throughout the school year or longer) to reveal the student’s progress in meeting learning targets.
growth portfolio
Learning in which students are encouraged to construct
their understanding with the assistance of teacher-guided questions and directions.
guided discovery learning
A response to challenges and difficulties in which the individual feels trapped by the difficulty and attributes the difficulty to a lack of ability.
helpless orientation
Strategies or rules of thumb that can suggest a solution to a problem but don’t ensure that it will work.
heuristics
Dewey’s concept that
every school has a pervasive moral atmosphere
even if it does not have a program of
moral education.
hidden curriculum
Maslow’s concept that
individual needs must be satisfi ed in this sequence:
physiological, safety, love and belongingness,
esteem, and self-actualization.
hierarchy of needs
Th e transfer of learning
from one situation to another that is conscious
and effortful.
high-road transfer
Using tests in a way that
will have important consequences for the student, affecting such decisions as whether the
student will be promoted or be allowed to
graduate.
high-stakes testing
Th e tendency to falsely report, aft er the fact, that we accurately predicted
an event.
hindsight bias
A frequency distribution in the form of a graph.
histogram
Occurs when students are subjected to unwelcome
sexual conduct that is so severe, persistent, or pervasive that it limits the students’ ability to benefit from their education.
hostile environment sexual harassment
A view that stresses
students’ capacity for personal growth, freedom
to choose their destiny, and positive qualities.
humanistic perspective
Piaget’s formal operational concept that adolescents
can develop hypotheses to solve problems and systematically reach (deduce) a conclusion.
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Th e identity status in
which individuals have explored meaningful
alternatives and made a commitment.
identity achievement
Th e identity status in which
individuals have neither explored meaningful
alternatives nor made a commitment.
identity diffusion
Th e identity status in
which individuals have made a commitment
but have not explored meaningful alternatives.
identity foreclosure
Th e identity status in
which individuals are in the midst of exploring
alternatives but have not yet made a commitment.
identity moratorium
Also referred to
as conceptual tempo, they involve a student’s
tendency either to act quickly and impulsively or to take more time to respond
impulsive/reflective styles
Positive or negative stimuli or
events that can motivate a student’s behavior.
incentives
Th e manipulated, influential,
experimental factor in an experiment.
independent variable
A set of values that give priority to personal rather than to group goals.
individualism
A written
statement that spells out a program specifically
tailored for the student with a disability.
individualized education plan (IEP)
Th is act spells out broad mandates for services to all children with disabilities, including evaluation and determination of eligibility,
appropriate education and an individualized education plan (IEP), and education in
the least restrictive environment (LRE).
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA)
Reasoning from the
specific to the general.
inductive reasoning
A parenting style of involvement but few limits or restrictions on children’s behavior; linked with children’s social
incompetence.
indulgent parenting
A cognitive approach in which people manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this approach are the cognitive processes of memory and thinking.
information-processing approach
A systematic, organized
strategy for planning lessons.
instructional planning
Th e extent to which
the assessment is a reasonable sample of what
went on in the classroom.
instructional validity
Problem-solving skills and the
ability to adapt to and learn from experiences.
intelligence
A person’s mental
age (MA) divided by chronological age
(CA), multiplied by 100.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
Th e theory that we
forget not because we actually lose memories
from storage but because other information
gets in the way of what we are trying to remember.
interference theory
Th e core of computer-mediated communication; a system of computer networks
that operates worldwide.
Internet
Th e internal motivation
to do something for its own sake (an end in itself).
intrinsic motivation
Th e second substage
of preoperational thought, lasting from about 4 to 7 years of age. Children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answer to all sorts of questions. They
seem so sure about their knowledge in this substage but are unaware of how they know what they know.
intuitive thought substage
A classroom in which students from different cultural backgrounds cooperate by doing different parts of a project to
reach a common goal.
jigsaw classroom
A standard nongraded program for instruction in reading.
Joplin plan
A moral perspective that
focuses on the rights of the individual; Kohlberg’s theory is a justice perspective.
justice perspective
A controlled setting from which many of the complex factors of the real world
have been removed.
laboratory
A form of communication,
whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols.
language
Significant impairments
in receptive or expressive language.
language disorders
The specialization of functions in each hemisphere of the brain.
lateralization
Individuals’
preferences in how they use their abilities.
learning and thinking styles
A relatively permanent influence on behavior, knowledge, and thinking skills
that comes about through experience.
learning
A child with a learning disability has difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling. A learning disability also may involve difficulty in doing mathematics. To be classified
as a learning disability, the learning problem cannot be primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; mental retardation; emotional disorders; or due to environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.
learning disability
setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.
least restrictive environment (LRE)
Th e theory that processing of memory occurs on a continuum from shallow to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.
levels of processing theory
A type of memory that
holds enormous amounts of information for a long period of time in a relatively permanent
fashion.
long-term memory
The automatic, oft e n
unconscious, transfer of learning to another
situation.
low-road transfer
