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Sociology > Educational Policies > Flashcards

Educational Policies Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 aims of educational policy

A

1 economic efficiency
2 raising educational standards
3 creating equality of opportunity

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2
Q

Dimensions of equality of opportunity ( Gilborn and Youdell 2000 )

A
  • equality of access
  • equality of circumstances
  • equality of participation
  • equality of outcome
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3
Q

Tripartite system (1944 education act)

A

Made secondary school free to abolish social class inequalities

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4
Q

11- plus exam

A

Essentially a type of intelligence test aimed to provide three different schools with 3 different aptitudes

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5
Q

Parity of esteem

A

(Equality of opportunity) all schools are supposed to have similar standards of provision

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6
Q

Comperehensivation (comprehensive schools)

A

Based on the principle that there should be only one type of school and it should educate all children under one roof

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7
Q

Criticisms of comprehensive schools

A
  • hasn’t eliminated the impact of social class

- some argue they have sacrificed on the altar of equality

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8
Q

Oil crisis (1973 defined how dependant the uk was on global trading and international competition sparked fear on industrial decline (key impacts)

A
  • Globalisation has helped to spread the influence of the new right neoliberal ideal
  • Increased the importance of international trade and multinational companies
  • Greater comparison of educational standards between countries (PISA examinations ex.)
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9
Q

Globalisation

A

The way in which increased cultural and economic interchange between countries has made the world increasingly interconnected

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10
Q 
Covert selection 
(Also in free schools)
A

Tough and Brooks (2007)

Green, Allen and Jenkins

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11
Q

Policies implemented due to international comparisons:

A
  • The National literacy and numeracy strategies (1998/9-2010) two hours of literacy and numeracy at primary school daily
  • Slimming down the national curriculum to essential knowledge
  • Raising the academic entry requirements for trainee teachers since 2012
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12
Q

Strengths of international comparisons:

A
  • Useful to see whether educational spending matches the achievement
  • Useful for comparing standards internationally
  • provides evidence to help policy makers see what works and what doesn’t
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13
Q

Limitations of international comparisons

A
  • PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS tests are based on a very narrow conception of education
  • There are concerns to the reliability and validity of the tests, they may not necessarily mean that the education received is better or worse
  • They can have damaging and wasteful effects on policy
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14
Q

Neoliberism

A

Philosophy (closely related to the new right) that argues that the state should play a minimum role in public services including education, health and well care

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15
Q

Black papers

A

Coz and Dyson (1971) produced a series of criticisms over comprehensive schooling, they ‘black papers’ lead to privatisation and marketisation

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16
Q

Privatisation

A

Is when services once owned by the state are transferred to private companies

17
Q

Treasury Estimate (2015)

A

Estimated that uk government and authorities paid around £88 billion yearly on education

18
Q

Two types of privatisation

A

Ball and Youdell (2007)

  • privatisation in education (endogenous)
  • privatisation of education (exogenous)
19
Q

Endogenous privatisation:

A

Happens within Education, when school/colleges/universities begin to act like business’. It involves:

  • The local management of the school
  • Competition between schools
  • Efficiency
  • Performance related pay for teachers
  • Parental choice of school
  • Target setting
  • School performance tables
  • Inspections
  • Per capita funding
20
Q

Exogenous privatisation

A

From outside the system, involves companies taking over:

  • School services
  • The management of schools
  • School inspections
  • Designing building financing and operating (DBFO)
  • Branding
  • Running the examinations systems
21
Q

Plus point of privatisation:

A

+More business like and effective schools
+More choice for parents
+Profit motivation may encourage private companies to provide schools or support failing ones

22
Q

Negative points of privatisation

A
  • Money may be drained from the education system
  • Subject to ‘cherry-picking’
  • May go out of business
  • No equality of educational opportunity
23
Q

Main features of Marketisation

A
  • Independence
  • Competition
  • Choice
24
Q

Deborah Youdell

A

Professor at Birmingham university for Sociology of Education, researches issues of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion, social class, ability and disability.
‘Concerned with the relationship between policy, practice and inequalities’
‘Inequalities are connected to subjectivities, everyday practices, pedagogy, institutional processes and policy’
‘Educators and practice politically to intervene in inequalities’

25
Q

Government policy (1997)

A

Margaret Thatcher was elected and neoliberism and globalisation began to have a real impact on educational policies

26
Q

Radical changes to education (1979-97)

A

(Conservative government; Margaret Thatcher & John Major)
1-Make schooling more relevant to work; make Britain more competitive in the global market
2-Take control of the curriculum to raise efficiency
3-Introduce free market principles by increasing choice and diversity

27
Q

Education Reform Act

A

1988 (ERA) shift of controlled education from local authorities to state state regulations

28
Q

7 ways control was shifted to State Policy

A
  • The National curriculum was introduced
  • SAT’s at 7, 11 and 14. Results of exams were posted in league tables
  • LMS gave responsibility of the school to the headmaster/funding was largely based on student number
  • Head teachers had the authority when backed by parent vote to revoke local authority control and become GM schools
  • Open Enrolment (schools could intake pupils as they pleased with no interference from local authorities)
  • CTC’s were set up in inner city areas
  • more intensive school inspections were introduced by Ofsted
29
Q

Training cheers known as the new vocation

A
  • the youth training scheme (YTS 1980)

- modern apprenticeships (1994)

30
Q

Criticisms of the new policies:

A
  • Marxists saw it as confining learning to a narrow curriculum to help regenerate a mindless generation
  • Ideologically driven by labour at the expense of children’s needs
  • Too many SAT’s and children being negatively labelled
  • Parental choice was limited as schools ‘cherry-picked’ their students
  • The Act of reinforcing class inequalities
31
Q

Foundation schools

A

(Labour government 1997-2010) renamed GM schools and stopped paying them grants.

32
Q

Specialist schools

A

(Labour government 1997-2010) were encouraged to compete, and told to raise £50,000 in sponsors which would matched by government funding in order to select 10% of their intake

33
Q

Underperforming schools (1997-2010)

A

Were named and shamed

34
Q

Educational Maintenance Allowance (EMA)

A

Paid poorer pupils from age 16-19 £30 weekly plus bonuses for school trips for ex.

35
Q

Tuition fee for university

A

Introduced by New Labour in 1998

36
Q

‘The fear of getting into financial debt may scare off the more deprived groups’

A

Callendar and Jackson (2004)

Moore et al. (2010)

37
Q

Pupil premium

A

(The coalition government 2010-2015) pupils eligible for free school meals attracted additional funding, the poorest 2yr olds were given free nursery hours

38
Q

Changes in the National curriculum

A

(Coalition government 2010-2015) coursework was removed from, introducing end of year tests instead, and the separation of AS and A level was put in place

39
Q

The myth of parentocracy

A

Middle class parents still hold the culture capital to ensure their child attends the chosen school

Sociology (7 decks)

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