Education- Topic 1 (class differences in achievement external)

Question 1

Cultural deprivation- Bernstein

Answer 1

Bernstein- SPEECH CODES- w/c use restricted and elaborated code is used in textbooks, by teachers, and exams. M/c are socialised to elaborate code early so are at an advantage.

Question 2

Cultural deprivation- Douglas

Answer 2

Douglas- Parents education- w/c parents place less value on education; they are less ambitious for their children and give them less encouragement to participate in educational activities. *might not attend parents evening.

Question 3

Cultural deprivation- Sugarmann

Answer 3

Sugarmann- W/c subcultures-
* Fatalism- beleif in fate of status
* Collectivism- valuing being apart of group rather than an individual
* Immediate gratification- seeking plaesure now rather than making sacrifices for the future.
* Present time orientation- seeing the present as more important than the future.-no log term goals.

Question 4

Materal deprivation- Housing

Answer 4

Housing**
Poor housing can affect a pupils achievement directly and indirectly:

• Overcrowding means there is no room for educational activities, such as homework and reading. It also means disturbed sleep from sharing bedrooms.
• Families living in temp accommodation may find themselves having to move frequently, leading to disturbed education
• Overcrowded homes mean greater risk of accidents and a higher risk of getting ill. This may lead to absence from school

Question 5

Materal deprivation- Diet and health

Answer 5

Young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. Poor nutrition affects health, for example, by weakening the child’s immune system- this may result in more absences from school (Howard).

Question 6

Culural capital- Bourdieu

Answer 6

Middle-class children with cultural capital are better equipped to meet the demands on the school curriculum. Parents can convert the cultural capital into economic capital, for example, they can send their children to private schools.

Question 7

Cultural Deprivation- Language

Answer 7

Bereiter and Englemann
-language used in w/c homes is deficient.
-using gestures, single words and disjointed phrases.
-children fail to develop the necessary language skills (unable to use language to explain, describe, enquire or compare)

Question 8

Material Deprivation- Fear of debt

Answer 8

CALLENDER AND JACKSON
-W/c students do not go to university due to a fear of debt caused by university costs.
-w/c five times less likely to apply than m/c

Question 9

OVERVIEW

Answer 9

CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
-speech codes (Bernstein)
-w/c parents place less value (Douglas)
-w/c subcultures- Sugarmann
-language- Bereiter and Englemann
-m/c better equipped- Bourdieu

MATERIAL DEPRIVATION
-housing- Howard
- diet and health- Howard
- fear of debt- Callender and Jackson