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Politics A Level > Education > Flashcards

Education Flashcards

1
Q

Give four reasons why education was made compulsory in 1870?

A

Through industrialistion came more skilled work and a more skilled society, education was needed to complete these jobs/ given the vote/ liberal ideas- education is important for fuflilemt/ social control

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2
Q

What three Rs were focused on when making Education compulsory?

A

wRiting, aRithmetic, Reading

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3
Q

How was the 1870 act a modern liberal approach?

A

It was focused on giving people equality if opportunity as before this it was very hierarch about who was educated

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4
Q

What was the Education Act 1944 in response to?

A

The Beveridge Report 1942

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5
Q

What five things did Beverdige mention in his report?

A

Poverty, ignorance, squealer, disease and idleness

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6
Q

What was your state secondary education based on?

A

Their age, aptitude and ability

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7
Q

What system came from the 1944 act?

A

The tripartite system

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8
Q

What three possible types of schools were there?

A

Secondary modern (basic skills), Grammar (academic), technical (vocational and practical)

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9
Q

What was there supposed to be between these three types of schools?

A

Parity of esteem

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10
Q

When was state secondary education made compulsory?

A

1870

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11
Q

Which types of students were grammar schools aimed at?
How was this demonstrated?
What would usually happen to these pupils?

A

Academic pupils/ did well in the 11+ test/ had academic eduction like public schools/ would usually do a levels and have academic careers

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12
Q

Which types of students were technical schools aimed at?
How was this demonstrated?
What would usually happen to these pupils and what would they learn?

A

Those with technical intelligence/ demonsatretd through 11+/ would teach them technical skills to work in skilled occupations / learn skills with particular value for job

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13
Q

Which types of students were secondary modern school aimed at?
How was this demonstrated?
What would usually happen to these pupils?

A

Those with practical intelligence (majority)/ left without many qualifications

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14
Q

When was the tripartite system replaced?

What was it replaced by?

A

1965/ comprehensive systems

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15
Q

When was the creation of new grammar schools forbidden?

A

1998- schools standards and framework act/ Labour

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16
Q

What are foundation schools?

A

It is the governing body that is in control/ land is owned by charity

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17
Q

What are voluntary aided schools?

A

Usually faith schools/ owned and controlled by a charitable trust /respisbule for the admissions of the schools

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18
Q

What are LABOUR academies?

A

This is an independent secondary school that is publicity tun and funded/ follow national curriculum

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19
Q

What five things were introduced in the 1988 education reform act?

A

National curriculum/ open enrolment/ SATs/ League tables/OFSTED

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20
Q

What did the national curriculum involve?

A

30%/40% of the time must be spent in English/ maths/ science/ seven foundation subjects/ standard lessons- raising stand rads/ meeting requirements for work- neo lib

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21
Q

What does national standardised attainment tests involve?

What ideology was behind this and why?

A

National tests at 7,11,14 and 16 in English, Maths and Science so check attainment levels in league tables/ neo lib as it is clearing making schools compete which is a form of marketisation

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22
Q

What does open enrolment mean?

What ideology was behind this and why?

A

Parents could send their children to non selective schools/ parents could choose which school. So could compete neo lib

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23
Q

How did the formula funding work?

A

It depended on how many students they attracted/ increase in competition

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24
Q

What did the local management of schools mean?

A

That school heads had more control over finances

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25
Q

What were city technology colleges?

A

They were colleges which were sponsored by industries and brought more ICT links Into the curriculum/ more conventional/ focused on technology, science and maths

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26
Q

What further reform happend in 1992 as an extension?

A

State secondary schools were required to release key stages, GCSE and A Levels

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27
Q

What are grant maintained schools?

A

Schools funded directly by central government/ specialist schools if agreed by parents

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28
Q

What was the excellence in cities policy? (1999- TB)

A

Targeted local education authorities in disadvantaged inner-city areas/ aimed to improve attainment levels of students from low income backgrounds/ promoted participatation in inner city areas/ special programmes for the gifted e,g IT city leaner centres

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29
Q

What is sure start?

A

It was set to target the under fives and their families living in the most deprived areas/ early intervention will have long term positive results e.g play centres/ home visits

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30
Q

What ideology was behind sure start and why?

A

Social democracy- equality of opp/ have the same oppourintyies at the beginning of life

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31
Q

What was curriculum 2000?

A

A Level of reform/ split into AS and A Levels/ split into modules/ 5 AS Subjects to broaden amount of subjects/ introduced further subjects- e.g photography, health and social care

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32
Q

What ideology was behind curriculum 2000?

A

Diversity and choice/ more people going to uni/ social democracy/ more people to go uni- equality of opp

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33
Q

When were schools turned into academics under Labour?

A

Replaced failing comprehensive schools in low-income inner city areas/ sponsored by Busniesses, individuals, faiths and charities/ contribute 2 million/ appoint the majority of governers/ govt contributed 25 million to each academy

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34
Q

How many of these academics were there in 2010?

A

203

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35
Q

Do academies have to follow the curriculum?

A

Yes but only recwuires in the core subjects so it can be developed

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36
Q

What did labour do with higher education?

A

They introduced fees of £3,000 per year

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37
Q

What was the aim of introducing fees for HE?

A

To allow more people to be able to go into unis/ aim of 50%/ raising standards and equality of opportunity- more social mobility

38
Q

What neo-liberal policirs Labour keep?

A

The policy of specialist schools, diversity would increase the competition/ must raise £50,000 from private sector sponsors, can select 10% of their students/

39
Q

What did labour add to the league tables?

A

Value added/ helped show the improvements the students had made and therefore created more completion

40
Q

When did the coalition extend academy schools?

A

2010

41
Q

Why did the coalition government extend academies?

A

To raise standards as they did better/ give academies more choice

42
Q

What are free schools?

A

Schools ran by members of the community or parents to set up their own school in shortages

43
Q

Why did the coalition create changes to the A Levels and GCSEs?

A

To raise standards by making them linear examinations/ finale exams/ change the structure of assessment

44
Q

What changes/proposed to the curriculum did the coalition make?

A

Introduce languages to Ks2, replace ICT with computing/ greater emphasis on spelling, grammar and vocabulary

45
Q

What is pupil premium?

A

Gave extra funding to each child from a deprived background

46
Q

What did the coalition do to HE?

A

They tripled it

47
Q

What are four main criticisms of selective education?

A

Failing the 11+ lowered students self-esteem, which led to underachievement/ 75% of the population left with no qualifications/ late developers found it difficult to transfer schools/ higher pass marks for girls than boys

48
Q

Give four criticisms of the tripartite system

A

Parity of esteem did not exist- 20% of those who went to grammar schools went to high paid jobs / the system wasted talent- secondary modern schools were denied opportunity to develop and add to the economy/ social class divide remained- 2/3 of middle class boys went to grammar schools but only 1/4 were working clas boys

49
Q

What did the 1965 labour government request?

A

Request local authorities to reorganise tripartite system in favour of comprehensives

50
Q

What are the positives of comprehensive education?

A

Students of all backgrounds + abilities would be offered same opportunity to obtain qualifications/ end to labelling children as failures from 11/ larger schools provide economies of scale/ improvement in qualifications for all school leavers

51
Q

What are the negatives of the comprehensive education susysten?

A

Class differences remained largely unchanged due to taking from local catchment area/ larger schools result in loss of discipline-teach to middle,bland/ only a request/ sets ,east sperstion in schools

52
Q

What was the 1976 Callaghans great education debate?

A

He spoke of ‘legitimate public concern’ About trendy teaching methods/ education was regarded as a ‘secret garden’, the special preserve of the teaching profession/ great info and rights for parents

53
Q

When were NVQs introduced?

A

1990

54
Q

What were General vocational qualifications?

A

Vocational alternative to traditional qualifications

55
Q

What was the technical and vocational education initiative?

When was it piloted?

A

1983- 14-18 year olds had a conventional curriculum and work experience

56
Q

What were modern apprenticeships?

A

Combined training at work with part time attendance at college/ NVQ to equate to level 3

57
Q

Give three criticisms of educational policies from 1979-97, who were the criticisms by?

A

Ball, Bowe and Gewirtz, commercialisation meant that a lot of money was being spent on that rather than special needs, the competition created hostility between neighbouring schools, requires to have knowledge of the market and schools

58
Q

What are the three types of parents/choosers?

A

Privileged choosers, semi skilled choosers and disconnected choosers

59
Q

What are privileged choosers?

A

They have the ability to understand nature of different schools and devote time and money to assist in choice of education/ inside knowledge of education system

60
Q

What are semi skilled choosers?

A

Have limited capacity to engage in marker/ lack of knowledge of the system

61
Q

What are disconnected choosers?

A

They have no involvement in market, tend to consider limited options on geographical area/ belief there is little difference en schools/ send them with friends

62
Q

Who argued that the 1988 education reform act did not improve standards and why?

A

Glatter, Woods and Bagley/ schools at the bottom of the hierarchy struggled ro rise/ each school operated as a local monopoly, no greater diversity in school

63
Q

How much did Labour increase spending in education?

A

2.4%

64
Q

What did Labour repeal?

A

Clause 28

65
Q

What were vocational qualifications rebranded as under the labour government?

A

Applied

66
Q

What two things did Brown introduce to education?

A

Computer access for all/ Child trust fund

67
Q

What are education in action zones?

A

set up in 1998 to raise motivation and attainment lels of underachieving students in deprived areas

68
Q

What did the Tomlinson report (2004) when replacing GCSEs and A Levels?

A

replace qualifications with diplomas accessible at four levels/ compulsory core with diploma/ coursework driven and chosen by student

69
Q

What did the coalition add to the league tables?

A

The English Baccalaureate

70
Q

What did the coalition abolish and remove?

A

building schools for the future/ removed surestart ring fencing

71
Q

What type of universities were introduced under the coalition?

A

university technical colleges

72
Q

What did Gove refer to when naming the educational establishment?

A

The blob

73
Q

What were the two types of academies that were created under the coalition govt?

A

a sponsored academy- instructed to become one by dep of education and converter academies who choose to become academies

74
Q

Why were free schools invented?

A

to increase diversity, increase competition to drive up standards and to give teachers freedom to design strategies that meet local needs/

75
Q

What is a criticism of free schools?

A

it widens social equalities, has a harmful effect on local schools and finland has no competition but has one of the best schooling systems

76
Q

What according to neoliberals is central to economic growth and why?

A

Education, a raise in standards will create a rise in living standards

77
Q

What is key to raising standards?

A

Marketization, parents will have a freedom of selection/ parentocarcy

78
Q

What should the focus be on?

A

performativity- performance and measurement

79
Q

What else is education the key to?

A

Success in an increasingly competitive global market

80
Q

What does educational gospel state?

A

That educational growth will lead to social and individual salvation

81
Q

What type of education does neoliberalism focus on?

A

Vocational

82
Q

Why do neo liberals think education is important globally?

A

Sell global policies based on neoliberal principles, global competiton

83
Q

Why are educational markets unfair?

A

Some parents have more knowledge and resources to manipulate educational markets to get the most out of them, no alternative comprehensives in some areas

84
Q

What is a weakness of neoliberalism trying to raise standards?

A

Evidence in US suggests market approach lead to greater social inequalities by do produce some small improvements

85
Q

Why do some people critisise neoliberal selection by schools?

A

May result in provider choice where pressure is to select the most able, in a process of creaming

86
Q

Why would environmentalists criticise the neoliberal approach to education?

A

‘Blind to the funds,metal problems of age’

87
Q

What for social democrats stand in the way of equal opportunities?

A

The class system

88
Q

What prevents equality of opp ?

A

The inequalities produced by free market economy

89
Q

Why are social democrats against selective education?

A

Selection at age 11 is unfair as it discriminates against w/c students, there is a huge waste of talent

90
Q

Why else to social democrats is education essential?

A

Economic growth

91
Q

What would bring greater contributions to economic growth?

A

Equality of opp

Politics A Level (4 decks)

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