Education Flashcards
Give four reasons why education was made compulsory in 1870?
Through industrialistion came more skilled work and a more skilled society, education was needed to complete these jobs/ given the vote/ liberal ideas- education is important for fuflilemt/ social control
What three Rs were focused on when making Education compulsory?
wRiting, aRithmetic, Reading
How was the 1870 act a modern liberal approach?
It was focused on giving people equality if opportunity as before this it was very hierarch about who was educated
What was the Education Act 1944 in response to?
The Beveridge Report 1942
What five things did Beverdige mention in his report?
Poverty, ignorance, squealer, disease and idleness
What was your state secondary education based on?
Their age, aptitude and ability
What system came from the 1944 act?
The tripartite system
What three possible types of schools were there?
Secondary modern (basic skills), Grammar (academic), technical (vocational and practical)
What was there supposed to be between these three types of schools?
Parity of esteem
When was state secondary education made compulsory?
1870
Which types of students were grammar schools aimed at?
How was this demonstrated?
What would usually happen to these pupils?
Academic pupils/ did well in the 11+ test/ had academic eduction like public schools/ would usually do a levels and have academic careers
Which types of students were technical schools aimed at?
How was this demonstrated?
What would usually happen to these pupils and what would they learn?
Those with technical intelligence/ demonsatretd through 11+/ would teach them technical skills to work in skilled occupations / learn skills with particular value for job
Which types of students were secondary modern school aimed at?
How was this demonstrated?
What would usually happen to these pupils?
Those with practical intelligence (majority)/ left without many qualifications
When was the tripartite system replaced?
What was it replaced by?
1965/ comprehensive systems
When was the creation of new grammar schools forbidden?
1998- schools standards and framework act/ Labour
What are foundation schools?
It is the governing body that is in control/ land is owned by charity
What are voluntary aided schools?
Usually faith schools/ owned and controlled by a charitable trust /respisbule for the admissions of the schools
What are LABOUR academies?
This is an independent secondary school that is publicity tun and funded/ follow national curriculum
What five things were introduced in the 1988 education reform act?
National curriculum/ open enrolment/ SATs/ League tables/OFSTED
What did the national curriculum involve?
30%/40% of the time must be spent in English/ maths/ science/ seven foundation subjects/ standard lessons- raising stand rads/ meeting requirements for work- neo lib
What does national standardised attainment tests involve?
What ideology was behind this and why?
National tests at 7,11,14 and 16 in English, Maths and Science so check attainment levels in league tables/ neo lib as it is clearing making schools compete which is a form of marketisation
What does open enrolment mean?
What ideology was behind this and why?
Parents could send their children to non selective schools/ parents could choose which school. So could compete neo lib
How did the formula funding work?
It depended on how many students they attracted/ increase in competition
What did the local management of schools mean?
That school heads had more control over finances
What were city technology colleges?
They were colleges which were sponsored by industries and brought more ICT links Into the curriculum/ more conventional/ focused on technology, science and maths
What further reform happend in 1992 as an extension?
State secondary schools were required to release key stages, GCSE and A Levels
What are grant maintained schools?
Schools funded directly by central government/ specialist schools if agreed by parents
What was the excellence in cities policy? (1999- TB)
Targeted local education authorities in disadvantaged inner-city areas/ aimed to improve attainment levels of students from low income backgrounds/ promoted participatation in inner city areas/ special programmes for the gifted e,g IT city leaner centres
What is sure start?
It was set to target the under fives and their families living in the most deprived areas/ early intervention will have long term positive results e.g play centres/ home visits
What ideology was behind sure start and why?
Social democracy- equality of opp/ have the same oppourintyies at the beginning of life
What was curriculum 2000?
A Level of reform/ split into AS and A Levels/ split into modules/ 5 AS Subjects to broaden amount of subjects/ introduced further subjects- e.g photography, health and social care
What ideology was behind curriculum 2000?
Diversity and choice/ more people going to uni/ social democracy/ more people to go uni- equality of opp
When were schools turned into academics under Labour?
Replaced failing comprehensive schools in low-income inner city areas/ sponsored by Busniesses, individuals, faiths and charities/ contribute 2 million/ appoint the majority of governers/ govt contributed 25 million to each academy
How many of these academics were there in 2010?
203
Do academies have to follow the curriculum?
Yes but only recwuires in the core subjects so it can be developed
What did labour do with higher education?
They introduced fees of £3,000 per year
What was the aim of introducing fees for HE?
To allow more people to be able to go into unis/ aim of 50%/ raising standards and equality of opportunity- more social mobility
What neo-liberal policirs Labour keep?
The policy of specialist schools, diversity would increase the competition/ must raise £50,000 from private sector sponsors, can select 10% of their students/
What did labour add to the league tables?
Value added/ helped show the improvements the students had made and therefore created more completion
When did the coalition extend academy schools?
2010
Why did the coalition government extend academies?
To raise standards as they did better/ give academies more choice
What are free schools?
Schools ran by members of the community or parents to set up their own school in shortages
Why did the coalition create changes to the A Levels and GCSEs?
To raise standards by making them linear examinations/ finale exams/ change the structure of assessment
What changes/proposed to the curriculum did the coalition make?
Introduce languages to Ks2, replace ICT with computing/ greater emphasis on spelling, grammar and vocabulary
What is pupil premium?
Gave extra funding to each child from a deprived background
What did the coalition do to HE?
They tripled it
What are four main criticisms of selective education?
Failing the 11+ lowered students self-esteem, which led to underachievement/ 75% of the population left with no qualifications/ late developers found it difficult to transfer schools/ higher pass marks for girls than boys
Give four criticisms of the tripartite system
Parity of esteem did not exist- 20% of those who went to grammar schools went to high paid jobs / the system wasted talent- secondary modern schools were denied opportunity to develop and add to the economy/ social class divide remained- 2/3 of middle class boys went to grammar schools but only 1/4 were working clas boys
What did the 1965 labour government request?
Request local authorities to reorganise tripartite system in favour of comprehensives
What are the positives of comprehensive education?
Students of all backgrounds + abilities would be offered same opportunity to obtain qualifications/ end to labelling children as failures from 11/ larger schools provide economies of scale/ improvement in qualifications for all school leavers
What are the negatives of the comprehensive education susysten?
Class differences remained largely unchanged due to taking from local catchment area/ larger schools result in loss of discipline-teach to middle,bland/ only a request/ sets ,east sperstion in schools
What was the 1976 Callaghans great education debate?
He spoke of ‘legitimate public concern’ About trendy teaching methods/ education was regarded as a ‘secret garden’, the special preserve of the teaching profession/ great info and rights for parents
When were NVQs introduced?
1990
What were General vocational qualifications?
Vocational alternative to traditional qualifications
What was the technical and vocational education initiative?
When was it piloted?
1983- 14-18 year olds had a conventional curriculum and work experience
What were modern apprenticeships?
Combined training at work with part time attendance at college/ NVQ to equate to level 3
Give three criticisms of educational policies from 1979-97, who were the criticisms by?
Ball, Bowe and Gewirtz, commercialisation meant that a lot of money was being spent on that rather than special needs, the competition created hostility between neighbouring schools, requires to have knowledge of the market and schools
What are the three types of parents/choosers?
Privileged choosers, semi skilled choosers and disconnected choosers
What are privileged choosers?
They have the ability to understand nature of different schools and devote time and money to assist in choice of education/ inside knowledge of education system
What are semi skilled choosers?
Have limited capacity to engage in marker/ lack of knowledge of the system
What are disconnected choosers?
They have no involvement in market, tend to consider limited options on geographical area/ belief there is little difference en schools/ send them with friends
Who argued that the 1988 education reform act did not improve standards and why?
Glatter, Woods and Bagley/ schools at the bottom of the hierarchy struggled ro rise/ each school operated as a local monopoly, no greater diversity in school
How much did Labour increase spending in education?
2.4%
What did Labour repeal?
Clause 28
What were vocational qualifications rebranded as under the labour government?
Applied
What two things did Brown introduce to education?
Computer access for all/ Child trust fund
What are education in action zones?
set up in 1998 to raise motivation and attainment lels of underachieving students in deprived areas
What did the Tomlinson report (2004) when replacing GCSEs and A Levels?
replace qualifications with diplomas accessible at four levels/ compulsory core with diploma/ coursework driven and chosen by student
What did the coalition add to the league tables?
The English Baccalaureate
What did the coalition abolish and remove?
building schools for the future/ removed surestart ring fencing
What type of universities were introduced under the coalition?
university technical colleges
What did Gove refer to when naming the educational establishment?
The blob
What were the two types of academies that were created under the coalition govt?
a sponsored academy- instructed to become one by dep of education and converter academies who choose to become academies
Why were free schools invented?
to increase diversity, increase competition to drive up standards and to give teachers freedom to design strategies that meet local needs/
What is a criticism of free schools?
it widens social equalities, has a harmful effect on local schools and finland has no competition but has one of the best schooling systems
What according to neoliberals is central to economic growth and why?
Education, a raise in standards will create a rise in living standards
What is key to raising standards?
Marketization, parents will have a freedom of selection/ parentocarcy
What should the focus be on?
performativity- performance and measurement
What else is education the key to?
Success in an increasingly competitive global market
What does educational gospel state?
That educational growth will lead to social and individual salvation
What type of education does neoliberalism focus on?
Vocational
Why do neo liberals think education is important globally?
Sell global policies based on neoliberal principles, global competiton
Why are educational markets unfair?
Some parents have more knowledge and resources to manipulate educational markets to get the most out of them, no alternative comprehensives in some areas
What is a weakness of neoliberalism trying to raise standards?
Evidence in US suggests market approach lead to greater social inequalities by do produce some small improvements
Why do some people critisise neoliberal selection by schools?
May result in provider choice where pressure is to select the most able, in a process of creaming
Why would environmentalists criticise the neoliberal approach to education?
‘Blind to the funds,metal problems of age’
What for social democrats stand in the way of equal opportunities?
The class system
What prevents equality of opp ?
The inequalities produced by free market economy
Why are social democrats against selective education?
Selection at age 11 is unfair as it discriminates against w/c students, there is a huge waste of talent
Why else to social democrats is education essential?
Economic growth
What would bring greater contributions to economic growth?
Equality of opp
