Education

Question 1

Globalisation

Answer 1

The coming together of different cultures

“Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of societies” - Anthony Giddens

Question 2

Meritocracy

Answer 2

The idea that if you work hard you can achieve. Functionalists believe that education socialises children to accept meritocracy

Question 3

Specialised skills

Answer 3

The skills we gain from going to school which are required for society and also for specific occupations

Question 4

Particularistic standards

Answer 4

Standards which only apply within your home

Question 5

Universalistic standards

Answer 5

Standards which apply to all, including outside of the home

Question 6

ISA

Answer 6

Ideological State Apparatus - Louis Althusser

Part of society which keeps the bourgeoisie in power by reproducing and justifying inequalities

Question 7

Correspondence principle

Answer 7

The idea that the things we do in school correspond with the way we are expected to be in the working world

Question 8

Marketisation of education

Answer 8

The creation of competition between schools in the educational workplace to raise standards and performance

Question 9

Parentocracy

Answer 9

The idea that the parents can choose which school their children attend

Question 10

The hidden curriculum

Answer 10

Messages and ideas that schools do not directly teach but which are part and parcel of the normal routines and procedures of the organisation

eg. attendance and punctuality

Question 11

Setting

Answer 11

Allocating pupils to a subject group

eg. a pupil could be group 1 for Maths and group 3 for English

Question 12

Streaming

Answer 12

Places pupils in the same ability group for all subjects

eg. group 1 for Maths and English

Question 13

Mixed ability

Answer 13

Pupils are placed into groups of pupils of all abilities

Question 14

Halo effect

Answer 14

Positive praise given so the pupil stops trying to work hard and becomes lazy

Question 15

Self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 15

When a pupil is acting up to positive or negative label they have previously been given

Question 16

Differentiation

Answer 16

Process refers to the way in which teachers define their students. This is because of the way teachers perceive their students either positively or negatively

Question 17

Polarisation

Answer 17

The way that students react to the way in which teachers perceive them. They adopt two different extremes: Pro-school or Anti-school

Question 18

Material deprivation

Answer 18

Poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income

Poor diet/health
Lack of materials
Poor housing

Question 19

Cultural deprivation

Answer 19

The idea that working class pupils aren’t socialised by their families adequately. These children lack the cultural equipment needed to do well so they underachieve

Intellectual development
Language
Attitudes and values

Question 20

Cultural capital

Answer 20

The knowledge of the dominant culture (higher class culture) of society

Middle class families 
Bourdieu

Question 21

Elaborated code

Answer 21

Language used by well educated people. Vocabulary is extensive, detailed and articulate. Language used by school teachers, in teachers textbooks and in formal occasions

Question 22

Restricted code

Answer 22

Language used by friends and family in an informal setting. Sometimes slang, grammatically incorrect and basic vocabulary. Tends to be used by working class.

Question 23

Bedroom culture

Answer 23

The idea that girls are more likely to stay at home and revise

Question 24

Role allocation

Answer 24

The idea that education sieves and selects the most talented to fill the most important roles within society

Question 25

Ethnocentric

Answer 25

An attitude or policy that gives priority to one culture whilst disregarding the others

Question 26

Fatalism

Answer 26

A belief in fate and there is nothing you can do to change your status

Question 27

Collectivism

Answer 27

Valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual

Question 28

Immediate gratification

Answer 28

Seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get the rewards in the future

Question 29

Present day orientation

Answer 29

Seeing the present as more important than the future and so no having any long term goals

Question 30

Compensatory education

Answer 30

A policy designed to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools in deprived areas. This policy attempts to intervene early in the process of socialisation to compensate for deprived children

Question 31

Gender role socialisation

Answer 31

The process of learning the behaviour expected of males and females within society

Question 32

EMA

Answer 32

Educational Maintenance Allowance

Gives money to students from poorer backgrounds to stay on in education. This was introduced as part of the austerity measures designed to shrink the size of the state and cut government spending. However, this has now been scrapped.