Education Flashcards
1
Q
What is Durkheim’s theory of education?
A
The education system meets a functional pre-request of society by providing a moral environment for socialisation and creates social solidarity between individuals
2
Q
What does Parsons believe the functions of education are?
A
Schools provide a link between the family and wider society which allows students to become the future workforce in a meritocratic society
3
Q
What is Parsons theory about meritocracy?
A
System of reward in exchange for hard work and ability
students have an equal chance to succeed as they all learn the same curriculum
4
Q
What is role allocation?
A
process by which people are slotted into roles which best suit their abolities
5
Q
What is human capital
A
The stock of knowledge, skills, values, habits and creativity that makes someone an economic asset to society
6
Q
What is David and Moore’s theory of education?
A
Provides a means to selecting and shifting people into the social hierarchy
7
Q
What are the criticisms of functionalist perspective on education?
A
ignores aspects of education which are dysfunctional
myth of meritocracy - private education
Marxists -hidden cirriculum reinforces social inequality
Feminists - hidden cirriculum reinforces patriarchy
Wong - functionalists see children as passive puppets of socialisation when the process is more complex
8
Q
What is the New Right view of education?
A
Similar to functionalists but believe the state takes too much of a role and free market policies like schools competing with each other would raise standards
9
Q
What is Chubb and Moe’s theory?
A
introduction of a voucher system in state education where each family given a voucher to buy education from a school of their choice so
schools become more responsive to parents wishes as vouchers are their source of income
10
Q
New Right education policies
A
1988 - Education Reform Act
-Funding formula
-League Tables
New Labour - Academies
Coalition - Free schools
11
Q
What are the criticisms of the New Right perspective?
A
the real cause of low education attainment is social inequality
contradictions between support of parental choice and imposition of national curriculum
completion between schools benefit middle class
12
Q
What is the Marxist theory of education?
A
Main function is to maintain capitalism and reproduce social inequality
13
Q
What are the two functions of Althussers ideological state apparatus in education
A
reproduces social inequality as lower classes perform worse which creates an unqualified workforce and hidden cirriculum is shaped to assist m.c achievement
legitmaises class inequality as m.c has more access to more cultural and economic capital which puts them at an advantage
14
Q
What is the correspondence theory?
A
education mirrors the workplace in its organisation and rewards
15
Q
How does Bowles and Gintis say the workforce is produce?
A
School processes mirror the world of work in order to prepare them for manual labour
Education claims to be meritocratic but schools discriminate in favour of the m.c
16
Q
What is the hidden curriculum
A
The informal learning processes that happens in school that teaches norms and values
17
Q
What does Illich say about deschooling society?
A
genuine learning is replaced by advancement through insitutions through meaningless credentials
school only teach consumerism and obedience
18
Q
What was Paul Willis study?
A
qualitative research
participant observation and unstructured interviews
a group of 12 boys
counter culture of being disobedient and unmotivated
prepared them for later life of unskilled work that capitalism needs someone to perform
19
Q
What are the criticisms of marxist theory?
A
Giroux (neo-marxism) - rejects view that w.c passively accept their position to become compliant workers - gender and ethnicity often combine with class
Floud + Martin - marxists exaggerate the effect education has on w.c achievement as gov policies have improved
Saunders - middle class educational success is due to biological differences
Chubb + Moe - marxists fail to see how education has failed all social groups
Marrow + Torres - students create their own identities rather than being constrained by tradition
20
Q
What is the feminist perspective on education?
A
enforce patriarchy as males hold most of the power and dominate social positions
21
Q
Heaton and Lawson )1996) and five feminist features hidden curriculum?
A
resources - children’s books and textbooks portray women dependent on men
students - male students make female students feel uncomfortable in certain subjects like compute b
teachers - posses sexist attitudes about tasks in a classroom
curriculum - boys sports and girls sports
lack of senior role models - men outnumber women at senior management levels
22
Q
What is the postmodernist view of education?
A
modern era has ended and education needs to adapt to changes
23
Q
What is the difference between fordism and post fordism
A
20th century used forfeit methods of mass production where everyone was trained in a particular skill
post fordism means production methods have become more flexible and adaptable where people are trained or be multi skilled
24
Q
What is the difference between between internal and external?
A
internal - factors within school
external - factors outside education system
25
What is the difference between setting and streaming?
Setting - placing students in groups according to ability in individual subjects
Streaming - placing students in groups according to ability
26
What is labelling theory?
Teachers often attach a label to a pupil that has little to do with their ability but formed on opinion about the ideal pupil
Becker - teacher/ pupil interactions are based upon labels and can lead to self fufilling propechy
27
Evaluations of Labelling theory
Deterministic
Focuses too much on negative effects
Attributes too much importance to teacher agency
Fuller (1984) - black girls in a London comprehensive were labelled as low achievers but their response was to study hard to prove the teachers wrong
28
What did Feinstein (2008) find about language?
educated parents use language to ask questions and challenge their children
less educated parents only use simile descriptive statements
29
What are Bernstein (1975) two types of speech code?
restricted - used by working class and had a limited vocabulary which is based on short, grammatically simple sentences
elaborated - used by middle class and has a wide vocabulary based on longer, more complex sentences
30
Name three labelling case studies
Pygmalion in the classroom - Rosenthal and Jacobson - fake IQ test and random 20% selected as bright - after a year these had made the most progress
Rist - US primary school said teachers used home backgrounds to separate students
Jorgenson - ideal pupil varies according to school - Aspen - w.c school is quiet and passive, Rowan - m.c school based on academic ability
31
What did Feinstein (2008) say the four ways were that middle class socialise their children better?
parenting style - emphasis on disciple and high expectations supports achievements
educational behaviours - educated parents are more aware of how to assist their children’s progress
income - spending income in ways to promote education succeed like buying
educational acyicties or books
parents education - better educated parents have children who are more successful
32
What is a subculture?
A group of people within culture that differentiates itself from the parent culture to which it belongs often maintaining founding principles but develops its own separate norms
33
What is symbolic capital and violence?
Capital - the status, recognition and sense of worth that students recieve from others
Violence - using symbolic capital in a negative way like demonstrating superiority
34
What is working class dilemma?
Faced by w.c pupils to achieve symbolic capital from friends and rejecting w.c identity
35
How are subcultures formed according to Lacey?
Differentiation - teachers categorise pupils according to percieved ability
Polarisation - the process which pupils respond by moving to two extremes
36
Features of pro -school subcultures>
Committed to school values, gain status through success, invovled in wider life o the school
Mac An Ghaill (1994) - academic achievers - achieve success by focusing on traditionals subjects
new enterprisers - reject traditional cirriculum
37
What does Archer say about symbolic violence?
schools impose forms of symbolic violence against students whose identities are shaped by designer clothes
38
What does Reay say about school environments?
students align their ability with the type of school that they attend
39
What are the four factor is working class subculture according to Sugarman?
fatalism - belief that you cannot change your lot in life
collectivism - value being part of a group rather than an individual
immediate gratification - seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in the future
present time orientation - present is more important than the future
40
What is self fufilling prophecy?
when students take on the label that is attributed to them by the teacher or school which causes
41
What is habitus?
Bourdieu - learned or taken for granted ways of thinking or acting that are shared by a particular class
m.c has the power to set the habitus of the school so w.c habitus is achieved through disruptive behaviour
42
What are evaluations of habitus
postmodernists argue class doesn't have as much of an impact on identity anymore
43
What is compensatory education?
aims to tackle to problem of cultural deprivation by providing resources to deprived areas
Exp. Operation Head start in the U.S
44
What is cultural deprivation?
having inferior norms and values that make it difficult to access education
45
What material deprivation?
not having the resources or spaces available to do well in school - linked to poverty
46
What do Hubbs and Tait say about language?
parents who challenge their child to evaluate their thinking are more likely to have higher cognotative ability
47
What does Douglas say about parents education?
parental attitudes to education own level of education impact achievement as w.c parents place less value in education so are less likely to push their children
48
What does Keddie (1973) argue about cultural deprivation
a child cannot be deprived of it own culture and working class children are isn’t culturally different rather than deprived
schools should recognise this and build on their stengths
49
What do different theorists say about cost of education?
Tanner - costs of transports, books, uniforms, equipment is a burden on w.c families
Flaherty - stigma attached around free school meals which stops pupils taking up entitlments
Smith +Nobel - w.c pupils cannot afford private tuition
Ridge - w.c pupils might need to take on paid work to help at home
financial support - £218.88 spent on average a year for child’s uniform at state school
50
What do theorists say about housing and health?
Howard - poorer families have poorer diets and nutrition leading to absences
Wilkinson - higher rate of hyperactivity amongst 10yrs from lower income backgrounds
51
What are the three types of capital Bordiey found
cultural, economic, educational
52
What was Leech and Campos study on catchment area?
middle class parents are more likely to afford house in catchment areas of good schools
53
What did Becker (1971) reveal about teachers labelling?
60 chicago high school teachers
judged pupils according to how closely they fitted the image of an ideal pupil - conduct and apperance
54
What is labelling in secondary schools like according to Dunne and Gazley
schools produce working class underachievement as it is normalised
teachers belief in the role of pupils home backgrounds - working class uninterested in education
teachers underestimate working class potential
55
What did Gillborn and Youdells study show?
schools produce working class underachievement as it is normalised
teachers belief in the role of pupils home backgrounds - working class uninterested in education
teachers underestimate working class potential
56
What are the three categories in an A to C economy
educational triage:
those who will pass anyway
borderline C/D pupils
hopeless cases
57
Who did Hargreaves’s (1967) say were triple failures?
boys in lower streams as they had failed their 11+, been placed in lower streams and been labelled as worthless
58
What are the response to labelling theorised by Woods?
ingratiation - follows schools norms and values
ritualism - going through the motions and staying out of trouble
retreatism - daydreaming
rebellion - outright rejection of school
59
What is a “Nike” Identities?
alternative ways of creating status by constructing clan identities by investing in styles like Nike
brings safety form bullying and self worth
60
How has equal oppurtunites affected gender outcomes
gov policies for education that have aimed to create more oppurtunities for girls to take part in traditional male subjects
Boaler - these policies are the key reason for the changes to girls achievement as they removed many of the previous barriers
61
How has role models affected girls achievements?
In the last 20 years there has been an increase in the number of females taking up senior teacher roles which gives girls roles models that inspire them to go for less traditional roles
62
How was GCSE and coursework impacted gender achievement
Gorard - once coursework was introduced in 1988 girls began to outperform boys
Mitsos and Browne - girls are more successful in coursework as they are better organised
63
How has challenging stereotypes affected gender achievement
Weiner - since the 1980s there has been a significant change in textbooks challenging traditional stereotypes
64
How has league tables affected gender achievement?
have made girls more desirable for schools as they get better grades
Sue - boys are more likely to have behaviourial issues
Jackson - links to SFP as league tables have created greater oppurtunities for girls as they are more desired by schools
65
What are feminist evaluations of the progress in education?
Liberal - celebrate the progress made but believe that there is still work to be done and see the need for continued equal oppurtunites
Radical - girls are achieveing more but empahsises that this is in spite of the patrairchal nature of education:
- 1'3 of 16-18 yrs said they experienced unwanted sexual touching
-Women are hugely underepresented in the cirriculum
- there are still more men in positions of power in educayion
66
What is the study about lads and ladettes?
Carolyn Jackson
laddishness was motivated by two fears; fears of social failure and fear of academic failure
popular kids wanted to have a full social life but appeared to do little work
academic failure was fear of being seen as stupid so laddishness was an excuse
67
What did Browne and Ross (1991) say about gender domains
shaped by early experiences and the expectations of adults - children are more confidence when engaging in tasks they see as part of their own gender somain
68
What experiences in school help to reinforce ‘hegemonic masculinity’
verbal abuse - calling people gay or queer
male gaze - Mac an Ghaill see this as a form of surveillance reinforcing dominant heterosexual masculinity
male peer groups - use verbal abuse to reinforce their definition of masculinity
female peer groups - Reay (2001) found girls had to perform an asexual identity to succeed educationally
Teachers and discipline - Askew and Ross (1988) male teachers have protective attitude towards female colleagues
69
How has feminism impact educational achievement?
improved the rights of women as well as raising expectations and self esteem as they are no longer bound to the mother role
Sharpe - interviewed girls about careers and concluded that females have become extremely ambitious
70
How has changes in the family regarding gender impacted achievement?
Primary socialisation - female socilaisation is more suited to education
bedroom culture - quiet, reading, submissive attitudes which are favoured in school
71
How has changes in women's employment impacted achievement?
Mitsos and Browne (1998) - the growing service sector has created more femininsed career oppurtunites
Equal Pay Act opens up more opputunities
Becks and Giddens - indepdence is highly regarded on modern society
72
Evaluations of external factors on gender?
Glass ceiling and Pay gap still exists
Traditional gender roles in regard to motherhood
Diane Reay - class gender and ambition
Myth of meritocracy
73
Four internal factors that affect achievements of boys?
Literarcy - DfCSF (2007) - the gender gap is the result og poor literarcy amongst males as reading is seen as a feminine activity as it is generally mothers who read to children
Feminisation of education - schools do not nurture masculine trait like competiveness
Lack of male primary school teachers - less male role models which is critical at primary schools
Ladish sub culture - boys gain symbolic capital amongst peers by joining anti-school subcultures
74
What are the external factors that affects boys educational; achievement?
Crisis of masculinity - globalisation has led to a decline in heavy industries - Mitsos and Browne decline in male emplyment leads to identity crisis
Over estimation of ability - Barber (1996) boys see themselves as more capable than they really are
75
Gender explanations of subject choice?
Gender role socialisation - Norman - different activities boys and girls take part in growing up, Murphy + Elwood girls read more fiction, Borwne and Ross gender domains based around adults
Gendered subject image - Kelly science is seen as a boys subject due to there being more male teachers
Gender identities and peer group - Paechler sport is often seen as a male domain, Davor - when students opt for opposite domain they are subjected to bullying
76
Ethnicity explanations of subject choice?
Ethnocentric cirriculum - BAME students may be put off from studing English and history due to the focus on white british cultire
English as an additional langugae - students may be channelled to ess academic subjects due to levels of English language
77
Class explanations of subject choice?
Material factors - some students may feel that they are excluded from certain subjects due to the cost of completing the course
Cultural factors - working class students may feel that certain subject are not for them as they do not posses the knowledge to suceed
Labelling - w.c are pushed towards less acadmeic and more vocational subjects
78
Evaluation of theories on subject choice
move towards gender neutral parenting
Leonard - gendered subject image has less impact in single sex schools
Globalisation has created a more multicultural cirriculum with wider choices
Policies such as Pupil Premium and EMA are in phase to support students from deprived backgrounds
79
How do cultural deprivation theorists say how language affect ethnic achievement
Bowker (1968) a lack of standard English creates huge barrier to UK Education
C - Bollard and Driver - lanuage porblems cease to be a problem by age 16
80
How does family affect ethnic minorities achievement?
Murray (1984) - African Carribbean lone parents are to blame as there is a lack of male role models
Scrunton (1986) - low achievement is the result of ethnic minorities failing to conform to British culure
Pryce (1979) - Asian culture is much more cohesive and black culture as they ignore racism more effectively
Hall (1992) - 'culture of resistance' - slavery means that much of black culture has lost its ancestry and they resent this
Lupton (2004) - structure in Asian families mirrors that of a school
C- Keddie (1971) to blame culture is to blame victims of failure
81
How do cultural deprivation theorists say attitudes affect ethnic achievement?
Arnot (2004) - the media has created a negative anti-school role model for black pupils in particular like the 'Ghetto superstar'
C - Driver (1977) - ethnicity can be an advantage in education
82
How does Flaherty (200$0 say material deprivation effects ethnic minorities achievement?
Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are 3x more likely than whites to be the poorest 1/3 of the population
Africans, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are 3x more likely to be unemployed than white
15% of minority groups live in overcrowded homes
83
How does racism in wider society affect achievement?
Rex (1986) racism leads to social exclusion accordingly poverty and this is shown in housing and education
Noon (1993) sent identical letters to 100 top UK companies but changed ethnicity - the replies to the white candidate were more helpful
C- Trony + Carrington (1990) - descriptions of some cultures are more than racist stereotypes
84
What did McCulloch find about the difference between white working class and ethnic minorities wanting to go to university?
ethnic minorities were more likely to aspire to go to university than white pupils
85
What is the trend with class and ethnicity
material deprivation do not completely override the influence of ethnicity - 2011 85% of Chinese girls who received free school meals achieved high grades compared to 65% of white girls not receiving free school meals
86
What is meant by radicalised expectations?
expecting ethnic minority pupils to act to their sterotype
87
How does labelling affect ethnic minority pupils?
Gillbourn + Youdell - teachers were quicker at discipling black pupils for the same behaviours as white pupils
Osler - black students are more likely to be excluded
Bourne - schools see black boys as threats which lead to negative labelling
Foster - teacher stereotypes of black students result in them being put in lower streams and creates an SFP
88
What are the three tiles of pupil identities according to Archer?
ideal - white middle class masculine identity that had natural ability
pathologised - asian feminised identity with an oppressed sexuality seen to work hard to achieve
demonised - black or white working class hyper sexualised identity seems as unintelligent
89
Do ethnic minorities accept lables?
No - Fuller - London comprehensive stude of black girls showed them rejecting labels as they valued educational success
Mac An Ghaill - Black and Asian A-level pupils did not conform to labels
90
How did Sewell say boys react to racist sterotypes?
Rebels - most influential but in a minority and reject schools values
Conformists - majority of black pupils accepted values of the school
retreatists - isolated and disconnted with peer groups
Innovators - pro education
91
What did Mirza (1992) study reveal about black girls who faced racism?
teachers discouraged black pupils from being ambitious
most of the girls time was spent trying to socks the effects of themis attitude by being selective about which staff they asked for help and getting on with their work in lessons
these put them at a disadvantage by restricting their opportunity
92
What is critical race theory?
sees racism as an ingrained feature of society - institutional racism
Roithmayer - inequality is no longer a concious thing as it has been a feature of society forever
93
Examples of institiutional racism in education
Marketisation - Gillbour says marketisation allows for overt selection to take place
Ethnocentric curriculum - Ball and Little Englandism
Assessement - Gillborn - system is rigged to radiate a dominant culture
94
what is educational policy?
initiatives brought in by government that have a significant impact on schools or other aspects of the education system
95
What is meant by the equality of educational opportunity and what are the four aspects are out by Gillborn and Youdell
everyone has the same chance of developing and earning the best qualifications
equality of access - everyone can go to school
equality of circumstance - everyone should have the same economic background
equality of participation - equal right to participate in school process
equality of outcome - equal chance to do well after school
96
What are the key education policies
before 18th + 19th century state spent no money on education
1880 - schooling compulsory from 5-13
1944 - Education Act meant compulsory school for all up to the age of 11 and then 11+ exams determine the secondary school attended
1965 - comprehensive system introduced
1988 - education reform act ate national curriculum, SATs, league tables
97
Education policies that has increased equality
1988 Education Reform Act - national cirriculum (c- not suitable for all students)
1965 Comprehensive Act got rid of 11+ and made all students equality in education (c- comprehensives are large so lack individual attention)
Schools Admissions Code forbids discrimitnation in admitting w.c students (c - covert selection still happens)
Pupil premium gives additional funding for students for poorer backhground (c - Kerr + West say too many other factors outside of school impact achievement)
98
What do Tough and Brooks say about covert selection?
backdoor social selection cherry pick students of a middle class background and discourage parents of w.c kids to not apply through high uniform police and a hard curriculum
99
Arguments for and against selection?
For - allows high flyers to benefit
- specialised and focused teaching
Against - late developers don't benefit
- mixed ability fosters social cohesion
-reduced risk of labelling
- can act as inspiration
100
How had marketisation created an education market?
marketisation makes schools compete to try and sell their school to parents so they will and their children there
101
How does certain policies promote marketisation?
league tables - creates competition and increased choice for patents
specialists schools - creates competition for best facilities for certain subjects
academies - invited business funding which creates economic competition
free schools - gives parents more choice
102
What is a parentocracy?
child's educational achievement has more to do with parental wealth and wishes than students ability as oarents are able to have more choice over where they send their children
103
Evaluations of marketisation policies?
Myth of meritocracy - parents do not have equal freedom to choose the schools which their child attends due to covert selection processes
Education triage - teachers tend to allocate more resources to students on C/D border and neglect those ynder
Dumbing Down - schools need to attract students in order to receive funding
Reduced quality control - Ofsted is not as independent as it used to be
104
What is the difference between Bartletts (1993) cream skimming and silt shifting?
cream skimming - good schools can be more selective and only chose high schieveing middle class pupils
silt shifting - good schools avoid taking less able pupils who are likely to get poor results to not damage the schools leave table position
105
What is the funding formula?
schools are allocated funds by a formula based on how many pupils they attract so popular schools often get more funds
106
What did Gerwitz (1995) say ere the three types of parents?
privileged skilled choosers - manning professional middle class allen’s who used economic and cultural capital to gajan education capital for children’s
disconnected local choosers - working class parents whose choice are restricted and were less confident in their dealings with schools
semi skilled choosers - parents were also mainly working class but were ambitious for their children however lacked the cultural capital and found to difficult to some sense of the education market
107
What were some New Labour policies introduced?
Education Action Zones - provide certain area with additional resource for deprived areas
Aim Higher - scheme aimed at encouraging children from poor home to go to university
Increased state funding
Sure Start - promising extra resources to parents with children at nursery and primary level
introduced tuition fees
108
What was the aim of academies?
raise standards and increase aspirations for children from poorer families and communities
109
What data shows that academies raise standards?
Department of Education July 2010 shows that academy GCSE results improving at twice the rate of national average
110
What are the concerns about academies?
how socially diversify they are - secondary schools judged as Outstanding took 40% fewer poor pupils
academies have no independent resources so still rely on the state
ability of academies to set the pay and conditions of service of teachers
111
What are free schools?
have the same feeedoms and flexvivilites as academies and are set up in response to parental demand by proposers
112
What are the concerns for free schools?
almost half of the first batch of approved free schools have a distinctly religious ethos
they emphasise longer teaching hours which has caused concern for some unions
113
What did the coalition introduce?
feee school meals
pupil premium - money schools recieve for each pupil from disadvantaged background
EMA abolished
university fees tripled to 9000
114
What is the definition of globalisation?
the increased interconnectedness between people and nation states including technological, economic and cultural connections
115
Impact of globalisation on education
increased compeitition for jobs meaning schools have to chnage the curriculum to meet new needs
Global ICT companies creating online courses
Decline in ethnocentric curriculum
Increased competition between schools for students
Global rankings used to compare and contrats schools systems and raise standards
Increased risk and safeguarding issues
116
What is PISA
A worldwide study by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development in member and non-member nations intended to evaluate educational systems by measuring 11 yr old pupil performance
117
What are some examples of policies affected by international comparisons
national literacy and numeracy strategies introduced by Labour
slimming down national curriculum
raising academic entry requirements for trainee teachers
118
What are the strengths and limitations of international comparisons?
strengths:
useful to see wether education spending matches achievement
provides evidence on what policies work best
linitations:
tests based on a very narrow conception of education
rankings may not reflect effectiveness of education but wider social circumstances
damaging and wasteful effects on policies
119
Evaluation of globalisation and education
Hyper Globalist - Ohmae - creation of global citiziens gives greater access to information creating higher achievement
Marxist - globalisation only provides more educational opuutunites to the wealty
Neo-liberal - private school and universities to expand around the world means gov plays less of apart in education
New fordist - increased compeitition in the job market means increase gov. spending
120
What are the benefits of public education?
passport to academic success to high status universities and good careers
121
What are the criticisms of public schools?
most people don’t have the money to purchase a private education
money should be spent on improving state system so everyone has an equal chance
122
What is the old boys network
wealthy family gives a good education and leads to top universities and high paying jobs - marrying other wealthy people and cycle starts over for children
