EDUC 181 Exam #2 Flashcards
families of orientation
families we are born into or raised by
families of procreation
families we create ourselves
extended family
family outside nuclear
responsive parenting
parents are aware of children’s emotions and physical needs and respond consistently well
low birth weight + problems
less than 5.5 pounds, greater risk for illness, developmental problems
what percent of newborns are low birthweight in the US
10%
preterm babies
more than 3 weeks early
gestational age
number of weeks since conception
causes of SGA
small for gestational age (weigh less than they should). maternal smoking, drug use, malnutrition (twins)
On average, how much sleep does a newborn need in a 24-hour
period?
16 hours
pros and cons of breast feeding/formula
PROS breast feeding: connection with mom, free,
formula: expensive, more consistent, bodily autonomy
how much sleep do 5 year olds need?
11-13 hours
gross motor skills and examples
large body movements: rolling over, sitting, standing, jumping, etc.
fine motor skills and examples
small muscles (hands and fingers)
object permanence and time frame
over first 6 months, recognize objects are still their even if they can’t see it
symbolic thought greatest indicator
ability to think in words and images, language development
cooing/repetitive vowel sounds age
2-3 months old
age for first word
around 1 year
first ___ years particularly important for brain development
5
pruning
synapses not used regularly wither and die
neurons, axon, dendrites, synapses
nerve cells capable of receiving and sending electrical/chemical signals throughout nervous system
axon: transmit signals to other cells
dendrites; receive signals from other cells
synapses: small gaps between neurons
“Naming explosion”
18 months to early childhood, vocab growth is rapid
recommended screentime for children between ages 2-5
one hour
secure attachment
warm, intimate, continuous relationship with parent in early months
secure vs insecure attachment and results for children
secure: better in school, positive relationship with other kids, when they become parents more secure rltnship with kids
insecure: lower levels of social competence, more vulnerable to negative life events
Define ACEs and what percent of children are impacted. Provide examples
Adverse childhood experiences: potentially traumatic events that occur in a child’s life, 46.3% of children in the US.. Example: abuse, death/suicide, crime/imprisoned family, mental illness, parental substance abuse
persistent stress can change brain architecture in early brain growth!
what percent of a child’s brain is developed by age 5?
90%
process vs structural factors in childcare
process: child’s experiences in child care setting
structural: features and characteristics of program
What are 3 different types of ECE?
ECE: early childhood education
- public school
- federally funded
- private
How can ACEs impact the brain?
toxic stress from ACEs can change brain development, damaged/fewer neuron conncetions
NC childcare standards?
Star Rated License. One Star means program meets NC minimum child care req. 5 star means voluntary enhanced standards
define middle childhood
6-12 years
At age 6 most chlidren weigh _____ and are ___ in tall
50-60 pounds, 43-47 in.
Age for girls and boys puberty start
girls: 9, boys: 11
BMI for overweight and obese
overweight: BMI in 85th percentile
obese: BMI 95th
NC physical activity and recess requirements
no specific recess requirement BUT state board requires schools to provide 30 min of moderate to vigorous daily for K-8
pragmatics of language
ability to intentionally use/alter language according to need and context
3 major communication skills related to pragmatics
- ability to use language for different purposes
- ability to change language to fit social conventions (classroom vs playground)
- ability to follow socially constructed rules about conversations (eye contact, turn taking, etc.)
most common learning disabilities
- dyslexia: difficulty with reading
- discalculia: difficulty with math
What is ADHD?
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: neurological difference that can make learning difficult
executive functions definition and examples
more complex reasoning/problem-solving skills, more efficient processing of information, increased memory capacity, improved ability to pay attention (around 5th grade)
Latin word for adolescence
adolescere = to grow to become more mature, to ripen
definition of adolescence
time of growing up, from immature child to mature adult
four transitions in adolescence?
biological, psychological,, social, economic
what are boundaries of adolescence?
boundaries drawn between what is considered leaving childhood and end boundary is entering adulthood
what are some perspectives for boundaries of adolescence?
biological, emotional, cognitive, interpersonal, social, educational, legal, chronological, cultural
How is adolescence defined biologically?
beginning with PUBERTY and ending when individuals transition into ADULT roles
What are the three phases of adolescence and the ages associated?
early: 10-13 years
middle: 14-17
late: 18-21
What are the fundamental changes of adolescence?
- onset of puberty (biological)
- emergence of more advanced thinking (cognitive)
- transition into new roles in society (social)
Why is early onset puberty associated with increased social risk?
too much freedom too soon, not ready for things yet
What are piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
Stage 1: sensorimotor: 0-2 years: senses and motor
Stage 2: preoperational thought: 2-6 years: symbolic understanding
Stage 3: concrete operational thought: 7-early adolescence: understand and applies logical experiences
Stage 4: formal operational thought: adolescence and beyond: abstract and hypothetical
What are some key components of formal operational thinking?
hypothetical thinking, metacognition, abstract thinking, multidimensional thought, relativistic thinking
Limbic system vs pre-frontal cortex
limbic: where amygdala is, part of brain involved in behavirol and emotional responses, survival (fully developed by late adolescence)
pre-frontal cortex: develops slower, not full mature until 25
sex ed in nc?
info on abstinence, STI prevention, contraceptive methods, sexual assault/abuse risk in grade 7-9
NC one of only ____ states to require mention of consent in sex ed
8
adolescents should get ___ hours of sleep
8-10 hours
what are the stages of adulthood?
young adulthood: 20-40
middle adulthood: 40-60
emerging adulthood: 18-30
Compare emerging and early adulthood
emerging: 18-30
young: 20-40
cohabitation
living together and having sex without being married
marriage and divorce rates on the ___-
decline.
3 most common reasons for divorce
- infidelity
- incompatibility
- drug use/drinking
- growing apart
evidence for cohabitation as protective factor?
no evidence that cohabitation is a protective factor against divorce
inertia theory
cohabitation has more inertia thatn dating. living together imposes constraints on a relationship (a shared lease, etc.) that make relationships harder to end
median age for first wedding among women in 2022?
28.6 years
In the US, median age of first marriage?
~30 years
What age group has highest unintended pregnancy rate?
women in 20s, morre common among poor women
What percent of women/men age 25-44 experience infertility?
12%
When is a woman considered infertile?
1 year of trying to get pregnant and cannot OR 6 months and cannot if over 35
Common reason for infertility?
STI
Sterile definition
0% chance of conception
FMLA
family and medical leave. guarantees 12 weeks of leave per year to care for family, UNPAID
Transition to parenthood
stressful because: communication, sharing child care, sharing leisure leads to drops in relationship quality
What is considered middle adulthood?
40-60 years
what is role strain?
when individuals have difficulty fulfilling multiple role demands
What is the second shift?
Artlie Hochschild: women have a second shift after work
Average age of menopause
51 years
What is menopause?
permanent cessation of menstrual cycles
Perimenopause
time around menopause when periods become more infrequent, hot flashes, sleep problems, etc.
Identity Formation Model
identities reinforced and refined with assimilation (incorporate new information to existing identity) and accomodation (alter identity based on new experiences)
Openness to new experiences declines somewhat with age as does extraversion
what is a midlife crisis?
emotional crisis of identity and self confidence
fluid vs crystallized abilities
crystallized: concrete accumlated knowledge
fluid: creativity and flexible thinking
increase fluid thinking 20-30, stable until 60s
increased crystallized intelligence throughout adulthood
