Edema/Congestion/Hemostasis #3 1/19/16

Question 1

What is Edema?

Answer 1

Increased fluid into interstitial tissues during inflammation

Question 2

What are some ways Edema can occur?

Answer 2

• Increased hydrostatic pressure/Decreased venous return
• Reduced Plasma osmotic pressure
• Lymphatic obstruction
• Sodium and water retention
• Inflammation

Question 3

What is Effusion?

Answer 3

A collection of fluid in body CAVITY or SPACE

Question 4

What are some examples of effusions?

Answer 4

Pleural
Pericardial
Peritoneal 
Joint space
Transudate

Question 5

What is Hyperemia?

Answer 5

increased tissue blood volume secondary to NEUROGENIC MECHANISMS or inflammation (Active)
* Caused during exercise and inflammation

Question 6

What is Congestion?

Answer 6

Increased tissue good volume secondary to IMPAIRED VENOUS RETURN (passive)
*Cyanosis/hypoxia

Question 7

What is Hemorrhage?

Answer 7

Loss of blood secondary to vessel injury to physical disruption.

• External
• Internal

Question 8

(Internal hemorrhage) hematoma = ?

Answer 8

Large mass (tumor) of blood

Question 9

(Internal hemorrhage) Ecchymosis = ?

Answer 9

> 1cm in size (bruise)

Question 10

(Internal hemorrhage) Purpura = ?

Answer 10

0.3-0.9cm bruise

Question 11

(Internal hemorrhage) Petechia = ?

Answer 11

1-2mm (Pinpoint red dot)

Question 12

What is acute Hemorrhage?

Answer 12

Greater than 20% loss in blood volume (Shock)

Question 13

Chronic hemorrhage can lead to ____.

Answer 13

Anemia

Question 14

What is Hemostasis?

Answer 14

Rapid arrest of blood at the set of injury?

Question 15

What are the 3 major components of Hemostasis?

Answer 15

1. Endothelium - both anticoagulants and procoagulant (Mostly procoagulant)
2. Platelets - adhesion, secretion, aggregation
3. Coagulation cascade

Question 16

What does Von Willebrand factor do?

Answer 16

Allows platelets to stick and a hemostatic plug to form, without it would be difficult to clot.

Question 17

What happens during adhesion of platelets?

Answer 17

Von willdesbrand factor is released and platelets stick.

Question 18

What happens during Secretion (with platelets)?

Answer 18

• Release of ADP and Ca++

- Surface phospholidpid complex forms

Question 19

What happens during Aggregation (with Platelets)?

Answer 19

• Mediated by ADP, TXA2 and thrombin fibrinogen binds to GP IIb-IIIa.

Question 20

Describe the Coagulation Cascade….

Answer 20

The coagulation cascade is a series of proteolytic conversions.

• Ca++ - active enzyme- cofactor - substrate
• Enzyme activity occurs at PL complex on platelet surface
• Extrinsic system = Tissue factor
• Intrinsic system = Factor XII
• Final products = THROMBIN AND FIBRIN

Question 21

What are some counter regulators of Hemostasis?

Answer 21

Platelets = PGI2, NO, ADPase
Fibrin clot = Antithrombin III, Protein S, Protein C, thrombomodulin.
Fibrinolysis = Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasmin.