Edema

Question 1

Edema definition

Answer 1

Increased interstitial fliud

Question 2

Causes of edema

Answer 2

Increased hydrostatic pressure, Reduced plasma osmotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, Sodium retention, Inflammation

Question 3

Causes of increased hydrostatic pressure

Answer 3

Impaired venous return, ateriolar dilation

Question 4

Impaired venous return causes

Answer 4

Congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, ascites

Question 5

Venous obstruction or compression

Answer 5

Thrmobosis, extrenal pressure, lower extremity inactivity

Question 6

Causes of arteriolar dilatation

Answer 6

Heat, neurohumoral dysregulation

Question 7

Causes of reduced plasma osmotic pressure

Answer 7

Protein-losing glomerulopathies, Cirrhosis, malnutrition, protein-losing gastroenteropathy

Question 8

Causes of Lymphatic obstruction

Answer 8

Inflammation, neoplastic, postsurgical, postirradiation

Question 9

Causes of sodium retention

Answer 9

Excessive Na intake with renal insufficiency, increased tubular reabsorption of Na, renal HYPOperfusion, increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone secretion

Question 10

Hypermia

Answer 10

Active process of arteriolar dilation leading to increased blood flow/engorgement of vessels with oxygenated blood

Question 11

Congestion

Answer 11

Passive reduction of blood outflow, leads to increased columns of deoxygenated blood, increased pressure, and stasis

Question 12

Classic site of congestion

Answer 12

Lungs, liver, extremities

Question 13

3 types of skin/mucus membrane hemorrhages

Answer 13

Petechiae, purpura, eccymosis

Question 14

Exposed subendothelial ECM causes what?

Answer 14

Platelet adherence and activation to form a platelet “plug”

Question 15

Tissue factor’s function

Answer 15

activates coagulation cascade to generate thrombin

Question 16

Virchow’s Triad

Answer 16

Endothelial injury, Stasis/turbulent blood flow, hypercoagulability

Question 17

Thrombi on heart valves

Answer 17

Vegetations

Question 18

Fate of thrombi

Answer 18

Propagate, embolize, dissolve, oraginze/recanalize, microbial seeding

Question 19

Why do pulmonary infarcts tend to hemorhage?

Answer 19

Dual blood circulation of the lungs

Question 20

Origin of fat emboli

Answer 20

Usually marrow of broken long bones.

Question 21

Most common cause of iatrgenic air emboli

Answer 21

_100cc air into a vessel during a proceedure

Question 22

Amniotic fliud embolism

Answer 22

Rare, but high mortality. Rupture of membranes/concurrent tear of uterine vessels.

Question 23

Types of infarcts

Answer 23

Red/White

Question 24

Red infarct

Answer 24

Generally venous, hemorhagic, often in dual circulation tissue, can occur when flow is reestablished after previous arterial occlusion/necrosis

Question 25

White infarct

Answer 25

Generally arterial. Generally more “solid” organs

Question 26

Factors that influence development of an infarct

Answer 26

nature of vascular supply, rate of development of occlusion, tissue vulnerability to hypoxia, oxygen content of blood

Question 27

Hypovolemic shock

Answer 27

Circulatory collapse as a result of acute reduction in circulating blood volume

Question 28

Cardiogenic shock

Answer 28

Pump failure of left ventricle, most often cause is MI

Question 29

Septic shock

Answer 29

Mostly associated with Gram (-) infections. LPS cause cytokine cascade. DIC occurs.

Question 30

Systemic inflammatory responsesyndrome

Answer 30

Generalized immune and inflammatory reaction that may complicate septic shock

Question 31

Neurogenic shock

Answer 31

Severe trauma and reactive peripheral vasodilation

Question 32

Stages of shock

Answer 32

1. nonprogressive 2. progressive 3. irreversible

Question 33

Thrombic Thrombocytopenic Purpura/Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Answer 33

Related disorders charac by diffuse microvascular occulsion of arterioles and capillaries by thrombi mainly composed of platelets, not fibrin. Coags usually normal!

Question 34

Clincal overlaps of TTP/HUS

Answer 34

DIS, preeclampsia, HELLP, malignany hypertension, vasulitis