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Dermatology > Ectoparasites > Flashcards

Ectoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

Fleas love

A

humidity

colorado have lower prevalence

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2
Q

What species is the common cat flea

A

Ctenocephalides felis

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3
Q

What is the primary lesion of an ectoparasite infestation

A

papule

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4
Q

Flea bite hypersensitivity is a reaction to

A

the flea allergen

burden does not equate with severity

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5
Q

What is the distribution of fleas

A

“Pants sign” -the caudodorsum of the animal

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6
Q

How can fleas present in cats

A

reaction pattern- eosinophilic granuloma/plaques, military dermatitis, indolent ulcers

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7
Q

How do you diagnose fleas

A

Combing
1) Flea dirt
2) actual observation of fleas variable- flea-nial?
they live off the host

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8
Q

What parasiticides are very toxic to cats *

A

Permethrins

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9
Q

What are different parasiticides

A

1) Permethrins- never for cats, only repellants
2) Neonicotinoids- bind to insect a-ch inhibition
Imidacloprid, dinotefuran, sinetoram/spinosad, nitenpyram
3) Phenylpyrazole
4) Avermectin- chloride channel agonists
5) Oxadiazine- blocks Na channels
6) Insect growth inhibitors (methoprene, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen)

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10
Q

How do you chose what type of parasiticide to give

A

-Effiacy
-Adverse Effects
-Ease of Use
-Cost
-Compliance

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Isoxazolines (Bravecto, Nexgard, Simparica, Credelio)

A

potent inhibitor of y-aminobytyric acid (GABA)- gated chloride channels and L-glutamate gated chloride channels

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12
Q

What is the gold standard for flea treatments

A

Isoxazoline parasites (Bravecto, nexgard, simparica, credelio)
-kills 98%+ of fleas within 24 hours to halt the population
-adulticides preferred but IGRs can be supplementary
-1-2 months for resolution of flea allergic signs

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13
Q

How you you treat fleas

A

1) Isoxazoline parasites (Bravecto, nexgard, simparica, credelio)
-kills 98%+ of fleas within 24 hours to halt the population
-adulticides preferred but IGRs can be supplementary
-1-2 months for resolution of flea allergic signs

2) Use allergy meds

3) Topicals- pyrehtroid shampoos/sprays can help patient during eradication
sprays/vacuuming can help environment
foggers of limited use

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14
Q

What is the goal of tick control

A

Prevention of disease transmission - not eradication

no tick product kills ticks instantly (takes 48h for 90% kill)
disease transmission takes long time

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15
Q

What causes alpha-gal syndrome

A

A. americanum (lone star tick)

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16
Q

Isoxazolines kill fleas within _________ and have a _______ kill rate
kill ticks in about _____ and have a ______ kill rate

A

Fleas: kill within 24 hours and 98% rate
Ticks: kill within 48 hours and have 90% kill rate

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17
Q

What is the most pruritic dog disease

A

Sarcoptes scabei var. canis

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18
Q

Mange is a

A

mite infestation

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19
Q

What is the distribution of Sarcoptes scabei

A

Elbow
Distal limbs (carpi, tarsi)
Pinnae

they like the hairless/short hairs areas

this indication is very indicative of sarcoptes
rarely otitis occurs on pinnae
very pruritic

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20
Q

When Sarcoptes scabei is chronic you see

A

severe hypertrichosis and crusting of the distal pinnae

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21
Q

Why might sarcoptes scabei not cause pruritus in all animals in the house

A

one dog might not be hypersensitive to the bites

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22
Q

T/F: sarcpotes scabei is communicable between dogs and humans

A

True

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23
Q

How do you diagnose sarcoptes

A

*hard to find
1) Superficial skin scrapes (surface mites)
40% positive scrapes in confirmed cases
Pinnal-pedal reflex?

dont use ELISA

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24
Q

How do you treat Sarcoptes

A

On-label: Revolution (selamectin) month or Advantage multi (moxidectin) monthly

off-label: ivermectin, libemycin, doramectin, fipronil spray, amitraz, lime sulfur

Routine washing/vacuuming fine 2x weekly but mite is not long-lived in the environment
treat. patient symptomatically but often resistant to antipruritics

treat for 8 weeks- consider contagious for treatment duration

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25
What species are resistant to sarcoptes
cats and horses self-limiting in humans
26
T/F: Cheyletiellosis is zoonotic
True
27
Cheyletiellosis is the walking
dandruff
28
Is lice species specific
Yes
29
T/F: Cheyletiellosis is species specific
False- not necessarily
30
Cheyletiellosis is commonly transmitted in
high density and immunocompromised populations
31
Cheyletiellosis has what distribution
usually a dorsal distribution (scaly)
32
How do you diagnose Cheyletiellosis
Superficial scrapes Flea combing acetate tape preps
33
How do you treat Cheyletiella?
Same as Sarcoptes -Ivermectin -Salmectin -Milbemyin -Fipronil spray -Lime sulfur (weekly) -Treat for 8 weeks as a generic guidline
34
T/F: Demodex spp are contagious
False- they are not contagious but there are rare exceptions
35
Why is Demodex not a parasite
1) Disease of immunosuppression and overgrowth youre suppose to have Demodex, just not a bunch of them also they are species specific and not contagious
36
T/F: Demodex is a commensal organism
True- not a parasite, disease of immunosuppression and overgrowth
37
What are the two types of Demodecosis
1) Juvenile- immune system hasnt developed yet. lesions- alopecia, erthyema, papular dermatitis, folliculitis, collarettes will resolve with immune maturity (localized) also generalized form 2) Adult-Onset: Immunocompromised (steroids, endocrine, neoplasia, apoquel, stress)- Generalized
38
What is the lifecycle of Demodex
1) Eggs (football-shaped, fusiform), hatch after 3-4 days 2) adult in a week (juvenilles 6 legs, adults 8) 3) Total lifecycle is 2-4 weeks
39
What is the classical presentation of Demodectic Mange
Diffuse alopecia, erythema, papules (and secondary crusts), comedones demodex likes the face/eyes (more sebaceous glands)
40
What are the top 3 differentials for follicultis
1) Bacterial pyoderma 2) Dermatophytosis 3) Demodicosis
41
Adult onset Demodex
Always considered generalized Always treat Look for source of immunocompromise
42
What causes adult-onset Demodex
1) Immunomodulating drugs (Apoquel, steroids) 2) Endocrinopathies 3) Neoplasia 4) Stress
43
What species that if you see Demodex on them, it is very seriouds
Cat and Horses
44
What Demodex species is considered contagious
D. gatai - (surface mite) in the cats not associated with immunosuppression
45
Cats have to be _____________ for Demodex cati
extremely immunocompromised
46
How do you diagnose Demodex
One mite with compatible clinical signs -Deep skin scrapings (follicular*) -Hair plucks (100 hairs) -Exudate (purulent, cerumen) -Acetate tape (more sensitive?) -Gatoi: very difficult to find (fecals?) dont diagnose by response to therapy
47
What is a less invasive way to find Demodex than a deep skin scrape
Trichogram- pluck 100 hairs (not as sensitive but easier and less invasive) Acetate tape (more sensitive) with squeezing the skin, specifically the eggs and nymphs
48
Demodex can be via fecal flotation especially in
cats- groomers
49
How do you on-label treatment for Demodectic mange
On-label: Amitraz (Mitaban) antagonistic effect on octopamine receptors of the nerve cells in the brain topically every 2 weeks for 3-6 treatments causes sedation (central alpha-adrenoreceptor agonist) hair clipping
50
What is the on-label treatment for Demodex, although not often used
Amitraz (Mitaban) antagonistic effect on octopamine receptors of the nerve cells in the brain topically every 2 weeks for 3-6 treatments causes sedation (central alpha-adrenoreceptor agonist) hair clipping
51
What is the mechanism of action of macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, selamectin, moxidectin, doramectin, milbemycin)
stimulation of glutamate and GABA-gated chloride channels
52
macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, selamectin, moxidectin, doramectin, milbemycin) should not be used in what dogs
those with the MDRI (ABCB1) mutation might be able to tolerate 3x daily dosing
53
How has demodectic mange historically been treated
macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, selamectin, moxidectin, doramectin, milbemycin) stimulate glutamate and GABA-gated chloride channels typically daily therapy Cats- lime sulfur dips weekly
54
What is the MDR-1 (ABCB1) gene mutation
a gene mutation that results in incomplete p-glycoprotein synthesis; important component of blood barrier- drug efflux pump (prevents ivermectin from accumulating in the brain) Homozygous- toxicity common in Australian Shepherds, border collies, german shephard
55
How is demodectic mange treated today
Isoxazolines! can also combine with a macrocyclic lactone
56
What is a common ectoparasite in large animals
Chorioptes - like long hairs tx: ivermectin, topical fipronil and lime sulfur weekly isoxazoline?
57
what is the ear mite
Otodectes cynotis
58
How do you treat otodectes cynotis
three doses required? ISmparica resolived in 14 days with Bravecto (cat topical) All others two monthly doses recommended
59
Pediculosis is infestation of
Lice
60
What are the chewing lice
Dogs: Trichodectes canis Cats: Felicola subrostrata
61
What species is the dog sucking louse
Linognathus setosus
62
Unlike fleas, lice live
on the host
63
T/F: lice are species specific
True
64
How do you treat pediculosis in horses
use topicals (pyrethroids lime sulfur, fipronil)
65
Isoxazoline products have been associated with
Neurologic adverse reactions - muscle tremors -ataxia -seizures but very rare and self-limiting (only a few days)
66
what should you do for culicoides hypersensitivity in horses
Must reduce exposure to butes of biting midges stable at night fans blankets/coverings pyrethrins/pyrethroids sometimes steroids, antihistamines (insect-bite hypersensitivity/allergy)
67

Dermatology (10 decks)

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