Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Dermatology > Allergies > Flashcards

Allergies Flashcards

1
Q

a genetically predisposed inflammatory and pruritic allergic skin disease with characteristic clinical features
It is associated most commonly with IgE antibodies to environmental allergens

A

allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

IgE antibodies to environmental allergens

A

allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F: allergies are curable

A

False -but it can be managed and controlled, which is the primary focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

allergy is usually an _______ diagnosis

A

exclusionary diagnosis
There is no diagnostic test for allergy
-history and response to treatment can provide clues
-logical approach will lead to correct diagnosis and treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 causes of allergy

A

1) Flea
2) Atopy - meds/immunotherapy
3) Cutaneous Adverse Reaction to food - food trial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

With allergic dermatitis, what lesions are seen

A

-Erythema
-Excoriation
-Lichenificiation
-Alopecia

due to licking, chewing, biting, scratching
commonly on: ears, paws, underarm, groin, underface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common cause of allergic dermatitis in companion animals in the world

A

Flea Bite Hypersensitivity (Ctenocephalides felis)

but the deadlast cause in Colorado

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is sarcptes scabei typically found

A

elbows, pinnae, distal limbs
extreme pruritus
do superficial skin scrape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the distribution seen with allergic dermatitis in cats

A

1) Papulocrustous lesions
-Crusted papules
-Visual and palpable
-often pruritic

2) Balded patches from overgrooming

3) Reaction pattern

4) ECG

5) Indolent ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Balded patches in a cat can be a manifestation of *

A

allergies- overgrooming

1) flea bite hypersensitivity
2) atopy
3) dermatophytosis
4) cheyletiellosis
5) Bacterial pyoderma
6) Demodicosis
7) Pemphigus foliaceus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What might cause a reaction pattern in a cat

A

1) Feline atopy
2) Feline Symmetrical Alopecia (barbering)
3) Miliary Dermatitis
4) Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex (ECG)
-Eosinophilic plaques
-Eosinophilic Granulomas
-Indolent Ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three syndromes of the Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex in cats

A

-Eosinophilic plaques
-Eosinophilic Granulomas
-Indolent Ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Eosinphilic Granuloma Complex can be responsive to

A

antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where in the US are fleas high in populations

A

the southeast US and also Southern California
*fleas love humidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do fleas typically bite the dog

A

on the caudal dorsum (pant sign)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the preferred medication for flea eradication

A

Isoxazoline parasiticides
-Bravecto (fluralaner)
-Nexgard (afoxolaner)
-Simparica (Sarolaner)
-Credelio (Lotilaner)

also good against mites and ticks
aim to kill fleas in about 24 hours (eradication) and ticks at about 48 hours (rickettsial prevention) at about 99% flea kill and 90% tick kill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ectoparaciticides aim to kill fleas in about

A

about 24 hours (eradication) and ticks at about 48 hours (rickettsial prevention) at about 99% flea kill and 90% tick kill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Allergic dermatitis cannot be controlled in flea-endemic environmentas without

A

affective flea control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How to do you tell the difference between environmental and food allergy

A

seasonality is a major consideration, however you can have year round environmental allergies

*vomiting is a poor correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Food allergy is the least common cause of allergies in companion animals and horses, yet why do we place them on a food trial

A

you can change the food but you cannot change the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cutaneous adverse food reaction is a ______ hypersensitivity

A

IgE hypersensitivity (Type I) to food protein, immune mediated

type III/IV are also possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cutaneous adverse food reaction signs mimic environmental allergy, what are the signs

A

1) Pruritus
2) Ear inflammation (otitis)
3) Secondary skin infections (pyoderma)
4) Hives (urticaria) - rare
5) +/- Gi disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the number one cause of otitis

A

allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the food allergens causing the IgE hypersensitivity

A

Glycoproteins 10,000+ daltons
Animal proteins
-Chicken
-Beef
-Dairy
-Fish
-Wheat
-Egg

Dyes/Preservatives are rare - too simple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
T/F: you are born with allergies
False- you are born with a genetic predisposition to have allergies this is why the chicken, beef, dairy are all common food allergies
26
T/F: there is a food allergy test
False- there is no test available that will reliably diagnose allergy, including food accurate assessment of specific food allergens cannot currently be made with any commercial test False positives are common
27
What is the pathogenesis of food allergy
food allergen binds to IgE receptor and internalization mast cell degranulation and release of prostaglandins, leukotriens, cytokines, and histamine Type I hypersensitivty (also Type III/IV possible)
28
What is an elimination diet for food allergies *
8 weeks strict. novel/hydrolyzed - renders protein hypoallergenic by making it smaller, harder to bind to IgE 1) novel protein/carbohydrate 2) home-cooked vs commercial 3) Hydrolyzed 4) Avoiding the offending allergens- dietary history *Remember treats, table foods, flavored medications, chew toys (rawhides) *No Rawfood or over the counter diets
29
What should you do for novel diets for food allergy trial
home-cooked (gold standard) commercial prescription
30
What is true of homecooked diets
Unbalanced Compliance is hard Often two ingredients - protein and carbohydrate Consult a Nutrtionist Use online resources (balanceit.com)
31
At what age are you more suspicious of food allergies
Dogs <1 year of age
32
What is true of commercial prescription diets
easy beware cross-reactivity -growth? if puppy -expensive
33
What does a small protein size (<10,000d) do to prevent food allergies
discourages IgE- crosslinking
34
Why might animals still flare with hydrolyzed diets
because they arent novel avoid commonly-fed hydrosates?
35
T/F: over the counter diets should not be used in restrictive dietary trials
True0 occult proteins were found in a variety of OTC wet, dry and raw diets
36
If within 8 weeks of a restrictive dietary trial you had decreased pruritus/inflammation, what should you do?
Dietary re-challenge -Feed the previous diet -Cutaneous Adverse food reaction patients will flare within two weeks (usually sooner) this is to make sure that the season didnt change over the past 2 months of the food trial -if they do not flare within 2 weeks, its likely environment -if they flare within 2 weeks, its food allergy and keep them on the diet for their life
37
If fleas are killed and no response to diet trial, what should you do
Diagnose Atopy Dermatitis
38
Dont use allergy test for diagnosis of allergy, use it for the
formulation of immunotherapeutics (only works for environmental)
39
What is the tradename of Oclacitinib
Apoquel
40
What is the average age for allergies to present in dogs
1-3 years of age
41
Apoquel (oclacitinib) works by
Tmax <1hr (onset 2-4 hours) half life is 4.1 hr
42
Why is Apoquel (oclacitinib) used in dogs over one year of age
because one of its adverse effects is demodicosis, which young dogs have a higher prevalence in
43
What is the efficacy of Apoquel (oclacitinib)
67% of dogs
44
What are the adverse effects of Apoquel (oclacitinib)
Demodicosis Papillomatosis
45
Does Apoquel (oclacitinib) cause neoplasia?
No- only correlation because apoquel is the #1 allergy medication
46
What is the mechanism of action of Apoquel (oclacitinib)
JAK1-STAT inhibitor - prevents cytokine release and signaling of -IL2- T cell proliferation -IL4- Th2 response (eosinophils, basophils, mast cells) -IL6- Stimulation of acute phase response -IL13- igE stimulation (asthma) -IL31- pruritic mediator
47
What is the pruritic mediator that Apoquel (oclacitinib) blocks
IL-31
48
Why do patients on Apoquel (oclacitinib) have a predisposition for demodex
blocks the parasite pathway (2,4,6,13,31) -IL2- T cell proliferation -IL4- Th2 response (eosinophils, basophils, mast cells) -IL6- Stimulation of acute phase response -IL13- igE stimulation (asthma) -IL31- pruritic mediator
49
What should you do for the 1/3 of patients that do not respond to Apoquel (oclactinib)
-Twice daily apoquel? - 88% efficacy -Antihistamines -Steroids -Cytokine (lokivetmab) -Atopica (modified cyclosporine) -Allergy testing/immunotherapy
50
Dosing Apoquel (oclactinib) BID can potentially cause
inhibition of innate immune function (JAK 2) 1) GM-CSF: leukocyte growth factor 2) EPO- erythrocyte stimulation hormone
51
What is the problem with anti-histamines
low efficacy- about 20% possible placebo?
52
Why are antihistamines commonly used in horses, despite low efficacy
used due to cost primarily but still poor efficacy in horses: insects >atopy > food -Hydroxyzine, Doxepin, Cetirizine, Chlorpheniramine, Diphenhydramine
53
What are the common causes of allergies in horses
Insects > Atopy > food
54
What are the different steroids used to manage allergies
Prednisone 0.5-1 mg/kg q24h Methylprednisone Dexamethasone Triamcinolone (acetate) Depomedrol
55
What is calcinosis cutis associated with
iatrogenic or metabolic hypercortisolism
56
T/F: calcinosis cutis is reversible
true- except for osteoma cutis
57
How do you diagnose calcinosis cutis
biopsy
58
How do you treat calcinosis cutis
withdraw steroid topical DMSO? minocycline 15mg/kg BID (case report) resolution takes months
59
calcinosis cutis can cause secondary
infection and pruritus
60
caninized monoclonal antibody against IL-31 used to treat canine allergies
Cytopoint (lokivetmab)
61
T/F: Cytopoint (lokivetmab) has an age requirement of >1year
False - no age requirement
62
What is the onset of Cytopoint (lokivetmab)
8 hours (half life of 9 days?)
63
TF: Cytopoint (lokivetmab) can be used in cats
False- it is caninized monoclonal antibody against IL-31
64
What is the efficacy of Cytopoint (lokivetmab)
87% of dogs
65
What are the adverse effects of Cytopoint (lokivetmab)
unsure- possible: -vomiting? -immunogenicity? -drug interactions? -long-term safety? least amount of adverse effects of 4 allergy meds
66
Calcineurin inhibitor used to manage allergies
Atopica (modified cyclosporine)
67
T/F: you can combine apoquel with cytopoint after monotherapeutic failures
True
68
What is the onset of Atopica (modified cyclosporine)
4-6 weeks tmax 90min
69
What is the efficacy of Atopica (modified cyclosporine)
74% dogs 78.6% cats
70
What is the mechanism of action of Atopica (modified cyclosporine)
inhibits calcineurin, specifically T cell function- blocking IL2, IL4, IFN (macrophage activator), and TNF-a (early immune activation)
71
What are the indications to use Atopica (modified cyclosporine)
Atopic dermatitis Lupoid disease Pemphigus variants Cutaneous vascultitis Sterile pyogranulomatous dermatitis Sterile panniculitis Perianal fistulas Sebaceous adenitis
72
Of Apoquel, Cytopoint, and Atopica what is most likely to cause opportunistic infections
Atopica - global cytokine inhibitor fungal (saprophytic) UTI papillomatosis, fibropapillomas Demodicsosi toxoplasma, herpes (cats) Psioriasiform lichenoid dermatosis digital pododermatitis
73
What are the dose related adverse effects of Atopica (modified cyclosporine)
Vomiting Diarrhea Gingival hyperplasia Hyperglycemia? Opportunistic infection Hypertrichosis, shedding Tremors Psioasiform lichenoid dermatosis Pruritus Neoplasia
74
Why might you put Atopica (modified cyclosporine) in the freezer?
Reduces vomiting???
75
What drug might cause gingival hyperplasia
Atopica (cyclosporine) Amlodipine
76
Is long-term use of Atopica (modified cyclosporine) or Steroids safer
Atopica (modified cyclosporine)
77
How should you give Atopica (modified cyclosporine)
-Frozen (off-label) -With food (off-label) -if vomiting, wait if no response in 4-6 weeks, increase the dose if effective decrease to EOD
78
How is the dose ketoconazole affect Atopica (modified cyclosporine) dosing
it reduces the dose and therefore the cost but remember that ketoconazole can cause hepatopathy and hair lightening
79
How effective is allergy testing/immunotherapy
60-70% efficacy
80
allergy testing/immunotherapy efficacy is acheieved in
6-12 months
81
What is the most common environmental allergens in CO ***
grasses, trees, weeds
82
What is the only treatment known to treat primary allergy disease
immunotherapy
83
immunotherapy only works for what allergies
environmental- also the only non-drug option for environmental allergies
84
T/F: allergy testing is a diagnostic test
False- you have patients without allergies getting positive skin test this is just made to make the recipe for immunotherapy
85
Allergy is the #1 cause of
secondary infectious pyoderma
86
Whats the way to go for horses with environmental allergies
immunotherapy

Dermatology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions