Ectoparasite Control Flashcards
REASONS TO CONTROL ECTOPARASITES
- cause important DISEASES
- debilitating IRRITANT to host
- source of INFESTATION to humans and animals
- VECTORS of disease
- ECONOMIC LOSS
- Compromise ANIMAL WELFARE
- highly CONTAGIOUS
BASIC ECTOPARASITE INFESTATION CONTROL STRATEGIES
- deployment and application of DRUGS
- LEGISLATION to treat/report infestations
- QUARANTINE and treat incoming stock
- BIOSECURITY
- COORDINATED TREATMENT of in contact animals/local environment/habitat
- VACCINES
- MECHANICAL REMOVAL (traps and vacuums)
ORGANOPHOSPHATES Classification? Site of action? Mechanism of action? Spectrum? Uses? Routes? Pharmacokinetics? Example?
Classification: ECTOPARASITE CONTROL
Site of action: ECTOPARASITE ACHE ENZYME
Mechanism of action: ACHE ENZYMES CLEAVE ACETYLCHOLINE AND INHIBITS ACETYL CHOLINESTERASE –> NEUROMUSCULAR PARALYSIS
Spectrum: EFFECTIVE AGAINST SHEEP SCAB, FLY STRIKE, TICKS, KEDS, AND LICE; ALSO SALMON SEA LICE (WITH AZAMETHIPHOS)
Uses: SHEEP, SALMON
Routes: EAR TAGS, POUR ON SOLUTIONS, SPOT ON SOLUTIONS, DIPS, ORAL TABLETS, SPRAYS, INJECTABLE FORMULATIONS
Pharmacokinetics: LIMITED SAFETY MARGIN FOR ANIMALS AND MAN
Example: DIAZINON (GOLD FLEECE SHEEP DIP - 49 DAY MEAT WITHDRAWAL PERIOD); AZAMETHIPHOS (SALMOSAN)
PYRETHRINS Classification? Site of action? Mechanism of action? Spectrum? Uses? Side Effects? Routes? Pharmacokinetics?
Classification: ECTOPARASITE CONTROL
Site of action: ECTOPARASITE PRESYNAPTIC SODIUM CHANNELS
Mechanism of action: PREVENT CLOSURE OF PRESYNAPTIC VOLTAGE GATED SODIUM CHANNELS –> ARTHROPOD PARALYSIS
Spectrum: LICE, FLEAS, FLIES, KEDS, TICKS
Uses: GIVE WITH SYNERGIST TO DELAY TOXIFICATION/PROLONG EXPOSURE
Side Effects: LOW TOXICITY IF GIVEN ORALLY; VERY TOXIC IF INJECTED
Routes: ORAL, INJECTED
Pharmacokinetics: SELECTIVE TOXICITY - METABOLISM RATE MORE RAPID IN VERTEBRATES
PYRETHROIDS Classification? Site of action? Mechanism of action? Spectrum? Uses Side Effects? Routes? Pharmacokinetics? Example?
Classification: ECTOPARASITE CONTROL; SYNTHETIC PYRETHRINS
Site of action?
Mechanism of action: SLOWS METABOLISM IN ARTHROPODS AND PREVENTS CLOSURE OF PRE-SYNAPTIC VOLTAGE GATED SODIUM CHANNELS –> ARTHROPOD PARALYSIS
Spectrum: FLEAS, TICKS, BITING LICE, FLIES, MANGE MITES, SANDFLIES, MOSQUITOES, VARROA MITES
Uses: DOGS, CATTLE, SHEEP, HONEY BEES
Side Effects: LIFE THREATENING IF DOG COLLAR PUT ON CAT - MUST RELAX MUSCLES WITH METHOCARBAMOL I.V. AND CONTROL SEIZURES WITH BARBITUATES/DIAZEPAM/INHALANT ANESTHETICS
Routes: SPOT ONS/COLLARS, POUR ON, STRIPS
Pharmacokinetics: MORE STABLE AND EFFECTIVE; HIGHLY LIPID SOLUBLE
Example: PERMETHRIN (ADVANTIX IN DOGS) (FLYPOR IN CATTLE), CYPERMETHRIN (DYSECT IN CATTLE AND SHEEP), DELTAMETHRIN (AMX FOR TROUT AND SALMON) (BUTOX SWISH FOR CATTLE) (SCALIBOR FOR DOGS), FLUMETHRIN (BAYVAROL FOR HONEY BEES), TETRAMETHRIN
MACROCYCLIC LACTONES Classification? Site of action? Mechanism of action? Spectrum? Uses? Side Effects? Routes? Pharmacokinetics? Example?
Classification: ECTOPARASITE CONTROL
Site of action: ECTOPARASITE GLUTAMATE GATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS
Mechanism of action: BIND TO GLUTAMATE GATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS OR GABA-A GATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS
Spectrum: SUCKING LICE, MANGE MITES, WARBLES, SCAB, SARCOPTIC MANGE
Uses: CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, DOGS, CATS
Side Effects: TOXICOSIS SYNDROME IN COLLIES AND GERMAN/AUSTRAILIAN SHEPHERDS WHEN TAKING IVERMECTIN DUE TO MUTATION IN ABCB1 GENE. PUPIL DILATION, DEPRESSION, TREMOR, ATAXIA, VOMITING, SALIVATION, COMA
Routes: FORMULATIONS, SPOT-ON, INJECTION, POUR-ON
Pharmacokinetics: SELECTIVE TOXICITY DUE TO HOST BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CERTAIN SMALL ANIMAL AND REPTILE SPECIES MAY EXPERIENCE TOXIC SENSITIVITY
Example: IVERMECTIN (IVOMEC IN CATTLE, SHEEP AND PIGS), DORAMECTIN (DECTOMAX IN CATTLE AND PIGS), SELAMECTIN (STRONGHOLD IN DOGS AND CATS), MOXIDECTIN (CYDECTIN IN CATTLE AND SHEEP), MILBEMYCIN
INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS Classification? Mechanism of action? Spectrum? Uses? Side Effects? Routes? Pharmacokinetics? Example?
Classification: ECTOPARASITE CONTROL
Mechanism of action: NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD; INHIBIT LARVAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHITIN SYNTHASE IN FLEAS
Spectrum: BLOWFLY STRIKE, FLEAS, TICKS, BITING LICE
Uses: SHEEP, RABBITS, DOGS, CATS
Side Effects?
Routes: ORAL SUSPENSION OR TABLETS (MONTHLY WITH FOOD); INJECTABLE FOR CATS (6 MONTHS)
Pharmacokinetics: SYSTEMIC PRESENT IN BLOOD AND LYMPH - ADULT FLEA INGESTS WITH BLOOD. KILLS LARVAE AND EGGS
Example: CYROMAZINE (REARGARD IN RABBITS), DICYCLANIL (CLIK/CLIKZIN IN SHEEP), LUFENURON, METHOPRENE + FIPRONIL USED FOR FLEA CONTROL IN DOGS AND CATS
FIPRONIL Classification? Site of action? Mechanism of action? Spectrum? Uses? Side Effects? Routes? Example?
Classification: ECTOPARASITE CONTROL Site of action: INSECT RECEPTORS PNS Mechanism of action: ANTAGONIST TO GABA AND GLUTAMATE GATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS Spectrum: FLEAS, TICKS, BITING LICE Uses: DOGS AND CATS Side Effects: TOXIC TO SOME BIRDS, FISH, AND AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES Routes: SPOT ON/SPRAY Example: FRONTLINE
NEONICOTINOIDS Classification? Site of action? Mechanism of action? Spectrum? Uses? Side Effects? Routes? Pharmacokinetics? Example?
Classification: ECTOPARASITE CONTROL
Site of action: ARTHROPOD NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
Mechanism of action: BLOCK NICOTINIC RECEPTORS –> PARALYSIS AND DEATH
Spectrum: FLEAS, TICKS, LICE
Uses: CATS, DOGS, FERRETS, RABBITS
Side Effects: LOW TOXICITY, BUT TOXIC TO BEES
Routes: TABLETS, SPOT-ON
Pharmacokinetics?
Example: NITENPYRAM (CAPSTAR FOR CATS AND DOGS), IMIDACLOPRID (ADVANTAGE FOR CATS, DOGS, AND RABBITS)
ISOXAZOLINES Classification? Site of action? Mechanism of action? Spectrum? Uses? Routes? Example?
Classification: ECTOPARASITE CONTROL
Site of action: ARTHROPOD RECEPTORS
Mechanism of action: ANTAGONIZE GABA AND GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS OF ARTHROPOD (SELECTIVE TOXICITY)
Spectrum: TICKS, FLEAS, SARCOPTES, DEMODEX MITES
Uses: DOGS, FIRST CHOICE TREATMENT FOR DEMODECOSIS
Routes: CHEWABLE TABLETS
Example: AFLOXANER (NEXGARD FOR DOGS)
SHEEP SCAB Significance? Notifiable? Treatment? Prevention?
Significance? CAUSED BY PSOROPTES OVIS MITES. RAPIDLY SPREAD AND LEADS TO MAJOR WELFARE ISSUES AND ECONOMIC LOSSES
Notifiable? YES (IN SCOTLAND)
Treatment? PLUNGE DIPPING IN ORGANOPHOSPGATE**; MACROCYCLIC LACTONE INJECTABLES
Prevention? INFORM NEIGHBORS, TREAT ALL CONTACT ANIMALS, BIOSECURITY
