Ecosystems Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

POPULATION

A
  • all the individuals of one species that live in
    the same space at the same time
  • e.g. population of ants living in a forest
  • All populations tend to increase when individuals
    reproduce at rates that are greater than what is
    required to replace individuals that have left the
    area or died.
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2
Q

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

A
  • accelerated growth that produces a J-shaped
    curve when the population is graphed against
    time
  • occurs under certain conditions and for a short
    period of time in nature
  • e.g. new habitat with lots of resources; protection
    X

Species that have been previously eliminated in an area can
be re-introduced. These re-introduced populations can
experience exponential growth if the populations and their
habitats are well managed (example: wild turkeys in
southern Ontario)

Exponential growth cannot be sustained in
nature because no ecosystem has an unlimited
supply of the things that organisms need for
survival.

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3
Q

BIOTIC POTENTIAL

A
  • the maximum number of offspring that a
    species could produce if resources were
    unlimited.
  • e.g. field mice can reproduce rapidly (high
    biotic potential) whereas bears, who might
    produce 1-2 cubs per year, have a lower biotic
    potential.
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4
Q

4 factors regulating biotic potential

A
  • birth potential: maximum number of offspring
    per birth (humans usually have one).
  • capacity for survival: the number of offspring
    that reach reproductive age (salmon produce
    many eggs but few reach maturity).
  • procreation: the number of times that a species
    reproduces each year; depends on gestation of
    the female (black bear is 7 months).
  • length of reproductive life: age of sexual
    maturity and number of years the individual can
    reproduce (African elephants reach sexual
    maturity at 15 years but may reproduce until 90).
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5
Q

LIMITING FACTOR

A
  • limit the growth, distribution, or amount of a
    population in an ecosystem.
  • as population
    increases, each
    individual has
    access to fewer
    resources, limiting
    population growth
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6
Q

ABIOTIC Limiting Factors

A
  • living space, shelter
  • nutrients (including water)
  • chemical environment (pH)
  • sunlight
  • weather, temperature
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7
Q

BIOTIC Limiting Factors

A

Limiting Factors

  • reproductive rate
  • competition
  • predators and prey
  • plant competitors
  • different populations compete
  • diseases and parasites
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8
Q

CARRYING CAPACITY

A
  • the size of a population that can be supported
    indefinitely by the available resources and
    services of an ecosystem
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9
Q

EQUILIBRIUM

A
  • when a population is maintained at its carrying
    capacity; produces an S-shaped curve
  • balance between opposing forces:
  • If a population exceeds
    the carrying capacity,
    the population will
    begin to decline due to
    limited resources,
    disease and increased
    population.
  • Numbers will decline
    and fall below the CC.
  • Fluctuation of numbers
    allows ecosystems to
    re-establish an
    equilibrium and gain
    stability.
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10
Q

CLOSED POPULATION

A
  • when a population exists within a fixed area, for example

yeast in a petri dish, the population curve will be bell-
shaped.

  • due to a limited amount of food, water and space the
    population will increase rapidly then begin to die off.
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11
Q

HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND CARRYING CAPACITY

A

➢ When humans alter ecosystems to meet their needs, the
carrying capacities of these ecosystems change. Sometimes
the carrying capacity for certain “urban-friendly” species
increases, but, for most wild species, the carrying capacity
is decreased.
➢ Urban sprawl is the growth of relatively low-density
development on the edges of urban areas. The image on

the left shows the “Golden Horseshoe,” where almost one-
quarter of Canadians live. The areas marked in pink are the

most densely populated.

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12
Q

The Story of the Redside Dace

A

The redside dace is a small fish that previously inhabited large regions
around the west end of Lake Ontario. Increased urban sprawl resulted
in fewer stream-side shade trees and increased drainage (run-off).
These factors drastically reduced the carrying capacity of the area for
the redside dace, and its population has decreased.

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13
Q

ECOLOGICAL NICHE

A
  • Niches can also be described as being the “role” or
    “job” of the organism or the “service it provides to the
    ecosystem.”
  • includes:
    – its place in the food web
    – its habitat
    ECOLOGICAL NICHE

– resources it uses
– abiotic limiting factors that
restrict how it can survive
– biotic relationships it has
with other species

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14
Q

Types of Interactions Between
Species

A
  1. Predation
  2. Competition
  3. Symbiosis
  • Mutualism
  • Parasitism
  • Commensalism

➢ Interactions, along with limiting factors,
restrict populations to particular places,
roles, and sizes within an ecosystem.

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15
Q

1) Predation

A
  • one organism
    (predator)
    consumes
    another (prey)
    for food
  • e.g. lion
    (predator) kills
    and consumes
    the buffalo
    (prey)
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16
Q

PREDATOR & PREY

A
  • an organism that kills and
    consumes other
    organisms
  • most predators are
    animals
  • e.g. carnivorous bog
    plants, lions, sharks, owls
  • an organisms that is
    eaten as food by a
    predator
  • e.g. rabbits, deer,
    mice
17
Q

BOG

A
  • wetland in which water is acidic and low in
    nutrients (e.g. nitrogen)
  • carnivorous plants (e.g. pitcher plant)
18
Q

Sense of Value

A

The pitcher plant Sarracenia
purpurea is found
throughout Newfoundland
and Labrador, and is its
official flower. In 1954, the
pitcher plant was chosen as
a symbol of this province’s
natural beauty, and of its
people’s strength of
character.

19
Q

1) Bottom-Up Population Regulation

A
  • lower-order consumer (prey) controls the population
    of higher-level consumer (predator).
  • shortage in a resource at the base of a food chain
    causes a decline in the animals in the higher trophic
    levels.
  • if the grasshopper population (prey) decreases, the
    shrew population (predator) also decreases
  • e.g. grass → grasshopper → shrew
20
Q

Top-Down Population Regulation

A
  • higher-order consumer (predator) regulates the
    population of lower-order consumers (prey).
  • decrease in organisms at lower tropic levels because
    of an increase in animals at higher trophic levels.
  • e.g. as lynx population increases, they consume more
    hare, leading to decrease in hare population

snowshoe hare → lynx

21
Q

Camouflage

A

Camouflage is used by
organisms to hide. The
organisms will blend in to their
surroundings. This helps prey
escape from predators.

22
Q

2) Competition

A
  • two or more organisms compete for the same
    resource (e.g. food) in the same location at
    the same time
  • e.g. dandelions compete with grass for access
    to sunlight, water, nutrients in soil
  • can limit size of population
    – as population increases, competition for resources
    (e.g. food) increases
    – more energy organism spends on competing, the less
    energy it has for growth and reproduction
    – results in decreased birth rate
  • can influence an organism’s ecological niche
    – species competing for a resource, divide the resource
    into two parts
    – e.g. brook and nine-spine stickleback fish (trout)
    – When both types of fish are in the same lake, the
    brook trout will feed at the bottom of the lake while
    the nine-spine will feed in the water above the
    vegetation, closer to the surface.
23
Q

Symbiosis

A
  • interaction between two species that live in a
    close association
24
Q

MUTUALISM

A
  • a symbiotic relationship between two species
    in which both species benefit from the
    relationship.
  • e.g. flower feeds the
    butterfly (nectar); butterfly
    spreads the flower’s pollen.
  • e.g. fish protects the
    anemone from predators,
    the anemone protects the
    fish from fish-eaters.
25
PARASITISM
* a relationship between a parasite and a host * parasites usually harm their hosts * E.g. Ticks – can kill animals, birds; cause Lyme disease, an illness in humans that can have serious symptoms but can be treated.
26
PARASITISM
* Relationship between the parasite and host is not always harmful. * e.g. brainworm (parasite) is able to complete its life cycle inside the white-tailed deer (host) but the does not harm the deer; harms moose and other deer species.
27
COMMENSALISM
* relationship where one organism benefits; the other is neither harmed nor helped. * Example: a bird living in a tree.
28
COMMENSALISM
* epiphyte orchids on branches of trees. These orchids benefit from the trees by the trees rendering support to the orchids. The orchids can gain more light and air in this way. The trees are neither drastically harmed nor benefiting from the orchids attached to their branches.
29
Web Of Life
* Commensalism – buffalo grazing; disturb insects in the grass for birds to eat. * Mutualism – clown fish and sea anemonies - clown fish are hidden from predators and anemonies gain bits of food; insects and flowers – insects gain high energy nectar and the flowers have pollen spread, have to produce less pollen. * Parasitism – ticks, fleas, leeches, viruses and bacteria, lamphrey eels. * e.g. brown bat ecological niche – biotic niche = is predator to insects it eats, is prey for the nighthawk – abiotic niche = cave for roosting and hibernation, time of night for hunting, airspace for flying while hunting, temperature range it can tolerate
30
The Screech Owl and the Red-tailed Hawk
* each organism has a different niche * this reduces competition between species for resources – e.g. red-tailed hawk and screech owl eat some of the same food but they are not in competition because they have different ecological niches