ecosystems and material cycles Flashcards

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1
Q

what is parasitism?

A

where a species benefits at the expense of another species

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2
Q

what is mutualism?

A

where a species benefits and provides for another species

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3
Q

how would you use a quadrant to estimate the number of flowers in a 10m x 10m field?

A
  • divide the field into 100 1m x 1m squares
  • get a random number generator to pick a number
  • take the quadrant and place it in the square
  • count the number of flowers in the square
  • repeat with different squares 5 times and find an average
  • multiply by 100 to find the average number of flowers on the field
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4
Q

how do you calculate the efficiency of biomass transfers?

A

efficiency of biomass transfers= biomass transferred to the next level/ biomass on previous level x 100

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5
Q

what are 3 positives and negatives to human interactions with ecosystems?

A

positives:
- raise awareness to the public
- afforestation and can regrow destroyed things
- stop humans from doing certain things that damage the environment

negatives:
- release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere
- deforestation to build things on it
- overfishing

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6
Q

what is food security?

A

having enough food to feed the population

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7
Q

what are 3 factors that affect food security?

A
  • increase birth rate
  • conflict in some countries
  • climate change
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8
Q

what is the process of the carbon cycle?

A

co2 is removed from the air through photosynthesis and these plants are eaten by animals, when they die, they decompose and the carbon is released into the atmosphere again through burning fossil fuels

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9
Q

what is compost and what does it do?

A

the decaying of biological material, used by farmers as natural fertilisers

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10
Q

what conditions are needed for decay

A

more oxygen available for aerobic respiration which produces heat, the higher the temperature the higher the rate of decay so compost is made quicker

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11
Q

what is the water cycle?

A

suns energy causes water to evaporate from the seas to make water vapour which is also formed from transpiration, water vapour rises, cools, condenses to form clouds then it precipitates on land and sea and the process repeats

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12
Q

what is nitrogen often used for?

A

included in fertilisers to form ammonium nitrate to stimulate growth

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13
Q

how can we tell if water is polluted?

A

the presence of bloodworms and sludgeworms

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14
Q

how do we know if water is clean?

A

the presence of freshwater shrimps and stonefly

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15
Q

how do we know if an area is less polluted?

A

rose blackspot fungus
lichen

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16
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of decomposition?

A

the rate will increase when the temperature increases, but if it gets too hot the enzyme will denature and decomposition will stop

17
Q

how does water affect the rate of decomposition?

A

the more water, the faster the rate of reaction

18
Q

how does availability of oxygen affect the rate of decomposition?

A

the more oxygen, the higher the rate of decomposition as it is needed for aerobic respiration