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OCR Geography A2 > Ecosystems > Flashcards

Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Wytham Woods?

A

Wytham Woods is a 390 hectare area of forest in Oxfordshire

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2
Q

What is the geology around Wytham Woods like and what might that tell us about the dominant species of tree?

A

The forest covers two limestone hills so we would expect ash to dominate

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3
Q

How long would it take soil under new woodland to reach the complexity of soil under existing woodland?

A

500-600 years

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4
Q

Which disease wiped out a species of tree in Wytham Woods?

A

Dutch elm disease

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5
Q

How much of Wytham Woods is ancient semi-natural woodland?

A

35%

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6
Q

How much of Wytham Woods is recent plantations?

A

42%

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7
Q

How much of Wytham Woods is secondary woodland?

A

23%

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8
Q

Wytham Woods has over 1000 species of what?

A

Moths and butterflies

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9
Q

How many species of animal are there in Wytham Woods?

A

3800, a fifth of Britain’s fauna can be found in this particular area of woodland

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10
Q

Grey squirrels were introduced to the area in the early 20th Century. How do they harm the ecosystem?

A

They strip the bark of trees, particularly beech and oak

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11
Q

What is myxomatosis?

A

A disease used as a rabbit population control in the 1950s. In the UK the disease is thought to have killed more than 99% of the rabbit population as well as causing stoats to disappear. It took 30 years for the rabbit population to re-establish itself.

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12
Q

Who owns Wytham Woods now?

A

The University of Oxford, whose forestry department use it for education and research purposes, as well as to improve the quality and quantity of timber production

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13
Q

How many visitors does Wytham Woods receive each year?

A

20,000

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14
Q

How does acid rain affect Wytham Woods?

A

It changes the calcium content of vegetation and egg shells and may be caused by the nearby Didcot power station

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15
Q

Wytham management aim: to minimise major disturbances to…

A

…fauna

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16
Q

Wytham management aim: to improve quality and quantity of…

A

…timber

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17
Q

Wytham management aim: to produce a closed…

A

…canopy forest of native hardwoods

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18
Q

Wytham management aim: to allow regeneration of a range of…

A

…native plants

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19
Q

Wytham management aim: to improve range of age…

A

…classes of trees

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20
Q

Wytham management aim: to minimise adverse…

A

…visual impacts

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21
Q

What effect does putting up nesting boxes for blue tits have on a woodland?

A

The presence of blue tits leads to reduced caterpillar numbers and increased tree productivity

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22
Q

What is happening to non-native species such as scots pine and sycamore at Wytham Woods?

A

They are being felled to make way for native species

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23
Q

What was the effect of building a fence to stop deer grazing throughout different fields?

A

There were low deer numbers in 2009

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24
Q

What is the governments target regarding non-native canopy cover?

A

Less than 10%

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25
Q

Why were restrictions on chemical use in Wytham Woods put in place?

A

To allow sparrowhawks to breed again

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26
Q

How many visitors does Studland receive?

A

25,000 a day in peak times

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27
Q

What is deflation?

A

Erosion by wind blowing sand particles

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28
Q

Who manages Studland?

A

National Trust and English Nature

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29
Q

What effect do boardwalks have on a sand dune environment?

A

Discourages trampling whilst making walking easier for visitors

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30
Q

What has been replanted at Studland?

A

Marram grass to stabilise dunes and encourage succession

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31
Q

How have people been managed at Studland?

A

Fire beaters, hydrants and barbecue areas in areas at low risk of fires, bins

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32
Q

What hard engineering strategies have been implemented at Studland?

A

Gabions, enlarged car park to ensure visitors follow provided routes to beaches

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33
Q

Briefly explain psammosere succession.

A

Embryo dune -> marram grass -> humus for next stage of succession -> rosette plants, shrubs, small trees -> developed soil, trees

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34
Q

How many ridges are there at Shell Bay?

A

4

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35
Q

What are the threats to Keyhaven marshes?

A

The marshes are protected by Hurst Castle spit, which is receiving a reduced shingle supply due to groynes in the west

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36
Q

What hard engineering has been used at Hurst Castle spit?

A

550m of Rock armour at Milford, groynes on spit, 100m revetment

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37
Q

What soft engineering has been used at Hurst Castle spit?

A

Nourishment with 300,000 m³ of shingle, SSSI and RAMSAR protected

38
Q

How have breaches in Hurst Castle spit affected the ecosystem?

A

Spartina in decline, leaving bare mud susceptible to erosion

39
Q

How much did the National a Trust increase parking by at Studland?

A

800 spaces

40
Q

Define coastal squeeze?

A

Loss of salt marshes due to erosion and rising sea levels on one side and obstructive sea defences on the other

41
Q

How was Abbott’s Hall Farm established as an intertidal zone?

A

Essex Wildlife Trust bought unused fields, made 5 breaches in sea wall and allowed fields to flood at high tide, intertidal zone created

42
Q

What benefits are there to salt marsh development?

A

Fuel detritus based food webs, commercially important for cockles and oysters, fish nursery

43
Q

How much can a hectare of salt marsh be valued at?

A

£2,500 as a defence, a much higher value than the agricultural land it protects

44
Q

What is the pioneer species in haloseres?

A

Eel grass

45
Q

What is the climate like in a tropical rainforest?

A

Little seasonal variation, mean monthly temperatures rarely fall outside 25-28°C, annual precipitation often exceeds 2,000mm, humidity of 80-100%

46
Q

How much light does the lower level of a rainforest receive?

A

10% hence why many plants have adapted to grow up trees and most animals live in canopy

47
Q

Why are Amazonian tribes having an increasing impact on the environment?

A

They were moved from their settlements by mining companies and now are forced to live in a Biosphere Reserve; before they were nomadic but now their activities are concentrated

48
Q

What are the three types of value of a tropical rainforest ecosystem?

A

Extractive (timber), indirect (flood control, carbon sink), future value (undiscovered medicines)

49
Q

How much of the Earth is covered by rainforest?

A

7% of land

50
Q

How much of the world’s species live in TRFs?

A

66%

51
Q

What are endemic species?

A

Species that are adapted to only live in/on one kind of tree

52
Q

How long would it take soils in tropical areas to recover after being farmed?

A

100 years

53
Q

How could agroforestry be used in Amazonia?

A

Businesses could learn from indigenous tribes how to extract rubber from trees without harming them (Brazil imports rubber), polyculture

54
Q

What is the Iwokrama reserve?

A

317,000 ha of protected TRF in Guyana, no urban development, UNDP and commonwealth expertise, basic Eco-tourism allowed

55
Q

In the 1980s how fast was Amazonian TRF being destroyed?

A

6 football pitches a minutes, Belgium pa

56
Q

How much of Brazil’s rainforest has been destroyed?

A

17% in 2005

57
Q

What did Greenpeace Brazil do in the 1980s?

A

Intentionally over exaggerated the scale of deforestation to get a reaction - Rio Earth Summit 1992

58
Q

What industry has accounted for 75% of deforestation in Brazil’s TRF?

A

Beef production; Brazil now biggest exporter of beef

59
Q

Mato Grosso state accounts for ……. of the deforested area of Brazil’s TRF.

A

43%

60
Q

What is the BR163?

A

A 1700km highway from southern Brazil to Santarem; the arc of deforestation follows tarmac, plans to turn into a superhighway from Cuiaba through TRF to Santarem

61
Q

Why has desertification not occurred as expected in the Amazon?

A

Fertiliser use and climate means farmers get two harvests a year

62
Q

As well as deforestation, what else has clearly followed the Tarmac on the BR163?

A

Population growth; population of frontier town has increased 500% since 80s

63
Q

How many countries does the Amazon rainforest lie in?

A

9

64
Q

Why is IBAMA ineffective in policing Brazilian Amazon?

A

50 agents police area the size of France, no power to confiscate licenses

65
Q

What are carbon credits?

A

Businesses paying for the services of the rainforest to make themselves carbon neutral

66
Q

What is the Land Alliance?

A

Group of farmers in Brazil wanting to sustainably manage forest, companies from around the world pay for them to conserve their land

67
Q

What is the value of standing forest (Land Alliance)?

A

$400 per ha, 3 times that of cattle ranches and twice value of soya

68
Q

What do Canopy Capital do?

A

London based company, pay for services of Iwokrama reserve

69
Q

How much of the Australian TRF has been cleared?

A

75%

70
Q

How did Australia deal with logging?

A

Banned it and compensated the industry 48million AUS$

71
Q

What facilities are there in the Australian Wet Tropics for visitors?

A

2 visitors centres and boardwalks

72
Q

How much TRF has been cleared in Cameroon?

A

60% of the country’s, accounting for 7% of global TRF

73
Q

What were the three steps of the Korup project?

A

Establish National Park status (1986), establish buffer zone, encourage tourism

74
Q

What were the main threats to Cameroon’s TRF?

A

Poaching, oil palm plantation, tourism and local resource exploitation

75
Q

How much of the Korup funding was used for infrastructure?

A

90%

76
Q

Why did management in Korup end in 2003?

A

Lack of funding

77
Q

How was hunting in Korup managed?

A

Locals allowed to hunt outside park but not inside, educated on sustainable management, hunting quota

78
Q

How many species of plants and animals live in Madagascar?

A

200,000; most of which cannot be found elsewhere in the world

79
Q

Madagascar ranks ….. out of 230 countries for GDP per capita.

A

217th

80
Q

Population in Madagascar was 4.2 million in the 1940s, now it is..

A

..23 million

81
Q

Why do people in Madagascar use slash-and-burn agriculture?

A

Rice farming is a traditional industry, completely clears area, farmed for a year or two, left for four to six, soil exhausted after two or three cycles

82
Q

How much can Malagasy hardwoods sell for?

A

$2000 a ton

83
Q

How many invasive species have been found in Madagascar?

A

94

84
Q

In the last 35 years, biodiversity in Madagascar has decreased by…

A

…more than 25%

85
Q

How many TRF national parks were set up in Madagascar?

A

6, all with their own plant inventories; Ranomafana has research station

86
Q

What are Savoka gardens?

A

Soil enriching crops planted on exhausted agricultural land, diversifies incomes and diets

87
Q

How does ecotourism help locals?

A

50% of NP fees go to local people, 50% goes to conservation

88
Q

How much of Madagascar is currently protected?

A

28%

89
Q

What do conservation plans in Madagascar include?

A

Expanding protected areas, surveillance, building research facilities

90
Q

What happened to Madagascar’s TRF from 1970 onwards?

A

Fragmentation (reduces gene pool)

OCR Geography A2 (8 decks)

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