Ecosystems Flashcards
Succession
Kế thừa
a number of people or things of a similar kind following one after the other: she had been secretary to a succession of board directors.
• Geology a group of strata representing a single chronological sequence: the Cretaceous succession.
Disturbance
Làm xáo trộn
[mass noun] the interruption of a settled and peaceful condition: a helicopter landing can cause disturbance to residents.
• [count noun] a breakdown of peaceful and law-abiding behaviour: the disturbances were precipitated when four men were refused bail.
• Law interference with rights or property.
Herbaceous
denoting or relating to herbs (in the botanical sense).
Volcanic eruption
Phun trào núi lửa
Shurb
a woody plant which is smaller than a tree and has several main stems arising at or near the ground.
Climax
Ecology | the final stage in a succession in a given environment, at which a plant community reaches a state of equilibrium: [as modifier] : near the equator the tropical rainforest is the climax vegetation | a mixed hardwood climax forest.
acme, apex, apogee, culmination, height, high point, highlight, peak, pinnacle, summitcrest, max out, peak, summit, top
Cumulative
increasing or increased in quantity, degree, or force by successive additions: the cumulative effect of two years of drought.
accumulative, aggregate, amassed, collective, growing, increasing, snowballing, swelling
Mature
Trưởng thành
fully developed physically; full-grown: she was now a mature woman | owls are sexually mature at one year.
having reached the most advanced stage in a process: Van Gogh’s mature work.
Equilibrium
Cân bằng
a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced: the task is the maintenance of social equilibrium.
Substantiate
Chứng minh
provide evidence to support or prove the truth of: they had found nothing to substantiate the allegations.
Exposure
Phơi bày
the state of having no protection from something harmful: the dangers posed by exposure to asbestos.
Regularity
Đều đặn
the state or quality of being regular: he came to see her with increasing regularity | [count noun] : the patterns and regularities of social life.
Precipitation
Lượng mưa
rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to or condenses on the ground: these convective processes produce cloud and precipitation | [count noun] : the heavy post-monsoon precipitations.
Colonization
Thuộc địa hoá
the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area: Africa boasts a tradition of higher education institutions that predate Western colonization | the European invasion and colonization of the Americas.
Arbitrary
Ngẫu nhiên
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system: an arbitrary decision.
Entity
Thực thể
a thing with distinct and independent existence: Church and empire were fused in a single entity.
Characterisation
a description of the distinctive nature or features of someone or something: she rejected that characterization of her film.
Misleading
giving the wrong idea or impression: your article contains a number of misleading statements.
Metaphor
Ẩn dụ
a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable: when we speak of gene maps and gene mapping, we use a cartographic metaphor | [mass noun] : her poetry depends on suggestion and metaphor.
Ant colony
Đàn kiến
Legitimately
Hợp pháp
in a way that conforms to the law or to rules: they can prove that the funds were acquired legitimately | all three properties were legitimately acquired.
Appropriately
Thoả đáng
in a manner that is suitable or proper in the circumstances: volunteers need to be approachable, calm, and able to respond appropriately | [as submodifier] : walls of raw concrete form a neutral yet appropriately rugged backdrop for the various objects.
Loose
Lỏng lẻo
not firmly or tightly fixed in place; detached or able to be detached: a loose tooth | the lorry’s trailer came loose.
Fortunate
May mắn
favoured by or involving good luck; lucky: [with infinitive] : she’d been fortunate to escape serious injury | it was fortunate that the weather was good.
Biome
Quần xã sinh vật
a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra.
Fauna
Hệ động vật
the animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period: the flora and fauna of Siberia | [count noun] : the local Mesozoic rocks and their faunas.
Initiate
cause (a process or action) to begin: he proposes to initiate discussions on planning procedures.
Habitat
the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism: wild chimps in their natural habitat.
Vegetation
Flora
Locality
the position or site of something: the rock’s size and locality.
Criticize
indicate the faults of (someone or something) in a disapproving way: the opposition criticized the government’s failure to consult adequately | technicians were criticized for defective workmanship.
Complain
Emphasize
Nhấn mạnh
give special importance or value to (something) in speaking or writing: they emphasize the need for daily, one-to-one contact between parent and child | [with clause] : I would emphasize that I am not an economist.
Lay stress on when speaking
Dominate
Thống trị, chiếm ưu thế
have power and influence over: the company dominates the market for operating system software.
Invasion
Xâm chiếm
an instance of invading a country or region with an armed force: Napoleon’s disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 | the Allied invasion of Normandy | [mass noun] : in 1546 England had to be defended from invasion.
Pest
Sâu bọ gây hại
a destructive insect or other animal that attacks crops, food, livestock, etc.: the tomato plant attracts a pest called whitefly | an effective method for controlling insect pests | [as modifier] : pest control.
Crop
Mùa vụ
a cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable: the main crops were oats and barley.
Cultivate
Trồng trọt, cày cấy
prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening: the peasants who cultivated the land became its owners.
In contrast
Tương phản
Tolerate
Khoan dung, chịu đựng
be capable of continued subjection to (a drug, toxin, or environmental condition) without adverse reaction: lichens grow in conditions that no other plants tolerate.
Subjection
Domination
Temperate
Ôn đới
relating to or denoting a region or climate characterized by mild temperatures: sage can be grown outdoors in cool, temperate climates | Chile has one of the largest temperate forests in the southern hemisphere.
Alternatively
Hoặc
as another option or possibility: alternatively, you may telephone us direct if you wish.
Resilience
Đàn hồi
the capacity to withstand or to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness: the remarkable resilience of so many institutions | supporting individuals to overcome adversity and build resilience | our business has shown strong resilience during these unprecedented times.
Adversity
a difficult or unpleasant situation: resilience in the face of adversity | [count noun] : she overcame many adversities.
Patchy
Chắp vá
existing or happening in small, isolated areas: patchy fog.
• not of the same quality throughout; inconsistent: your coursework was patchy | my knowledge of Egyptology is patchy.
Vary
Biến đổi
differ in size, amount, degree, or nature from something else of the same general class: the properties vary in price.
• change from one condition, form, or state to another: your skin’s moisture content varies according to climatic conditions.
Adjacent
Liền kề
next to or adjoining something else: adjacent rooms | the area adjacent to the station.
Approximately
About
Niche
Môi trường sống, thị trường ngách
Ecology a role taken by a particular type of organism within its community: the niche left vacant by the disappearance of wolves.
a specialized segment of the market for a particular kind of product or service: he believes he has found a niche in the market | smaller cooperatives must find and develop a niche for their speciality product.
Intact
Giữ nguyên
not damaged or impaired in any way; complete: the church was almost in ruins but its tower remained intact.
