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Ecology Lecture > Ecosystem Ecology > Flashcards

Ecosystem Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

a large area characterized by its vegetation, soil, climate, and wildlife

A

Biome

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2
Q

five major types of biomes

A

aquatic
grassland
forest
desert
tundra

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3
Q

bodies of water surrounded by land

A

freshwater biomes

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4
Q

some examples of freshwater biomes (3)

A

ponds
rivers
lakes

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5
Q

salt content of freshwater biomes

A

less than one percent

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6
Q

the study of inland waters

A

limnology

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7
Q

inland waters such as (5)

A

lakes (both freshwater and saline)
reservoirs
streams
wetlands
groundwater

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8
Q

limnological discipline

A

integrates the functional relationships of growth, adaptation, nutrient cycles, and biological productivity with species composition, and describes and evaluates how the physical, chemical, and biological environments regulate these relationships

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9
Q

the word “limnology” comes from the Greek words ___ and___

A

limne (marsh, pond) and limnaea (a thing pertaining to a marsh)

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10
Q

the study of the structure, function, and change of organisms in freshwaters as affected by their physical, chemical, and biotic environments

A

freshwater ecology

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11
Q

freshwater include (6)

A

lakes and ponds
rivers
streams
springs
bogs
wetlands

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12
Q

a subset to Earth’s aquatic ecosystems

A

freshwater ecology

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13
Q

freshwater habitats can be classified by their (4)

A

temperature
light penetration
nutrients
vegetation

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14
Q

freshwater ecosystems can be divided into (2)

A

lentic ecosystems (still water)
lotic ecosystems (flowing water)

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15
Q

freshwater ecosystems are also called

A

vegetated wetlands

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16
Q

freshwater ecosystems play an important role in ___

A

mitigation against climate variability

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17
Q

freshwater ecosystems play an important role in mitigation against climate variability by (4)

A

flood control
water purification
shoreline stabilization
sequestration of carbon dioxide

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18
Q

examples of freshwater ecosystems (4)

A

streams
rivers
lakes
marsh

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19
Q

examples of lakes in the Philippines (3)

A

Laguna Lake
Lake Lanao
Lake Mainit

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20
Q

the largest lake in the Philippines

A

Laguna Lake

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21
Q

the second largest lake in the Philippines

A

Lake Lanao

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22
Q

the deepest lake in the Philippines

A

Lake Mainit

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23
Q

example of marsh in the Philippines

A

Agusan Marsh

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24
Q

habitats that support marine life

A

marine habitats

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25
Q

marine biomes include (3)

A

the ocean
coral reefs
estuaries

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26
Q

the term marine comes from the Latin word ___

A

mare (sea or ocean)

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27
Q

marine habitats can be divided into (2)

A

coastal habitats
open ocean habitats

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28
Q

found in the area that extends from as far as the tide comes in on the shoreline to the edge of the continental shelf

A

coastal habitats

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29
Q

the shelf area occupies ___ percent of the total ocean area

A

seven

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30
Q

found in the deep ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf

A

open ocean habitats

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31
Q

mangrove ecosystem services (8)

A

wood
livelihoods
mangrove ecosystem services
climate regulation
fisheries
tourism
water filtration
coastal protection

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32
Q

a transitional area of vegetation between two different plant communities

A

ecotone

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33
Q

support thousands of marine species, store carbon, improve water quality, protect coastlines, cycle nutrients, and create habitat corridors between coral reefs and mangroves

A

seagrasses/seagrass beds

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34
Q

seagrass services (10)

A

biodiversity
food
oxygen
nutrient cycling
water quality
habitat corridors
climate resilience
carbon storage
livelihoods
shelter

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35
Q

created by tiny animals “coral polyps”
act as homes or nurseries for 25% of all marine life
found in over 100 countries

A

coral reefs

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36
Q

tiny animals that create coral reefs

A

coral polyps

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37
Q

the coral polyps’ ___ build up over time, forming the base of the ___ habitat that supports the world’s ___

A

limestone skeletons, complex reef, highest level of marine biodiversity

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38
Q

coral reefs services (4)

A

food and fishing
tourism and recreation
medicine
coastal protection

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39
Q

13m hectare underwater plateau near Aurora. the Philippines’ biggest island, considered part of the Philippines continental shelf

A

Benham Rise

40
Q

partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more streams into it, and with a free connection to the open sea

A

estuary

41
Q

estuaries form a ___ between river environments snd maritime environments known as ___

A

transition zone, ecotone

42
Q

estuaries are subject to both (2)

A

marine influences, riverine influences

43
Q

examples of marine influences (3)

A

tides, waves, and influx of saline

44
Q

examples of a riverine influences (2)

A

flows of freshwater and sediment

45
Q

the mixing of seawater and freshwater provides ___ both in the ___ and ___, making estuaries among the ___ in the world

A

high levels of nutrients, water column and in sediment, most productive natural habitats

46
Q

estuaries are incredibly dynamic systems, where ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ all change daily in response to the tides (5)

A

temperature
salinity
turbidity
depth
flow

47
Q

this dynamism makes estuaries ___ habitats, but also makes it difficult for many species to ___

A

highly productive, survive year-round

48
Q

estuaries provide ___ to a variety of species that rely on estuaries for life-cycle completion

A

critical habitats

49
Q

scientific name of Pacific Herring

A

Clupea pallasii

50
Q

species known to lay their eggs in estuaries and bays

A

Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii)

51
Q

species that give birth in estuaries

A

surfperch

52
Q

species that migrate to estuaries to rear

A

juvenile flatfish and rockfish

53
Q

species that use estuaries as migration corridors

A

anadromous salmonids and lampreys

54
Q

migratory bird population - relies on estuaries

A

black-tailed godwit

55
Q

habitat that is found predominantly on land

A

terrestrial habitat

56
Q

terrestrial habitats are spread out across a large range of environments such as (7)

A

caves
deserts
farms
forests
grasslands
shorelines
wetlands

57
Q

___ or ___ habitats such as ___ or ___ also constitute to terrestrial habitats

A

semi-natural or man-made, national parks or biosphere reserves

58
Q

types of terrestrial habitats (4)

A

forests
deserts
mountains
grasslands

59
Q

an essential for the existence of life on Earth as it served as a natural habitat for a vast range of plants and animals

A

forests

60
Q

covers nearly ___ square km of the Earth’s surface or ___ of the total land surface

A

40m, 31%

61
Q

forest ecosystem is divided into four different subgroups (4)

A

tropical forest
temperature forest
boreal forest
plantation forest

62
Q

layers of rainforest (4)

A

forest floor
understory layer
canopy layer
emergent layer

63
Q

have the highest species diversity
usually located around the equator in the South Africa and Southeast Asia

A

tropical forests

64
Q

tropical forests are characterized by (2)

A

humidity
excessive rainfall

65
Q

similar to temperate forests but have a much harsher temperature

A

boreal forests

66
Q

boreal forests are also called ___ and are the ___

A

Taiga, largest land biome

67
Q

cultivated for the purpose of commercialization
only one or two species of trees are cultivated
genetically altered to provide better resistance against disaster and commercial viability

A

plantation forests

68
Q

areas where the most dominant type of vegetation is gasses
these types of environments occur naturally throughout the world

A

grasslands

69
Q

grassland is home for a wide diversity of animal species such as (8)

A

elephants
giraffes
hyenas
jackrabbits
lions
rhinos
warthogs
zebras

70
Q

grasslands can be subdivided into (2)

A

tropical grasslands
temperate grasslands

71
Q

tropical grasslands are also called

A

Savanna or Savannah

72
Q

characterized by a combination of widely spaced grassy fields and woodlands where sufficient light reaches the ground

A

tropical grasslands

73
Q

tropical grasslands receive ___ of rain every year, which is then followed by a ___

A

30 to 50in, dry season

74
Q

similar to tropical grasslands except it has warmer summers followed by cold winters

A

temperate grasslands

75
Q

average annual rainfall of temperate grasslands

A

30-35in

76
Q

temperate grasslands can be categorized into (2)

A

steppes (short grasses)
prairies (tall grasses)

77
Q

examples of major grasslands (2)

A

Great Plains of the Midwest
Palouse Prairie (America)

78
Q

biomes that receive less than 10in of rainfall anually

A

deserts

79
Q

regarded as a desert as annual precipitation is less than 2in (interior parts)

A

Antarctica

80
Q

animals have adapted to the heat by ___ or ___

A

burrowing or living in caves

81
Q

in deserts, animals have adopted a ___

A

nocturnal lifestyle

82
Q

nocturnal lifestyle of animals

A

stay underground during the heat of the day, hunt food in the relative coolness of the night

83
Q

common terrestrial animals found in such habitats (deserts) include (5)

A

antelopes
camels
different species of foxes
gazelles
goats

84
Q

also found in deserts are endangered species such as (6)

A

cheetahs
African wild dogs
lizards
hyraxes
North African ostriches
desert crocodiles

85
Q

the effect of Earth’s rotation on the direction of winds and current

A

Coriolis Effect

86
Q

an effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force (the Coriolis force) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. On the Earth, the effect tends to deflect moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern and is important in the formation of cyclonic weather systems.

A

Coriolis Effect

87
Q

classified as a polar desert
largest desert in the world

A

Antarctic

88
Q

largest subtropical desert

A

Sahara

89
Q

one of the “big four” deserts in North America
largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds, those with no outlets, in North America

A

Great Basin

90
Q

large landform that rise above the surrounding surface

A

mountains

91
Q

mountain regions have ___ due to ___

A

colder climates, high elevations

92
Q

plants and animals residing in these regions (mountains) have ___ to cope up with the environment

A

special adaptations

93
Q

mountain fauna includes (6)

A

bighorn sheep
brown and black bears
grizzly beats
mountain goats
mountain lions
antelopes (not found in the same region)

94
Q

forests are present in ___ but become increasingly sparse as the ___

A

moderate elevation, elevation increases

95
Q

height/elevation of Mt. Everest

A

8,848.86m

96
Q

height/elevation of Mt. Apo

A

2,954m

Ecology Lecture (2 decks)

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