Economy and Society, 1929-1941 Flashcards
collectivisation stage 1, 1929-30
forced collectivisation
deliberate propaganda campaign waged against kulaks- ‘liquidated as a class’ and were not permitted to join collectives, represent 4% of peasants
15% of peasant households were destroyed and 150,000 forced to migrate further north to poorer farm land
peasants driven by local party members, with support of OGPU and red army
january 1930, Stalin announced 25% of grain farming had been collectivised. the brutal treatment scared peasants into joining collectives 58% collectivised by march 1930
led to stalin saying local officials were being too rigorous in ‘dizzy with success’ - entered a period of voluntary collectivisation - october 1930, only 20% collectivised
collectivisation stage 2, 1930-41
stalins climb down was only a temporary tactic - perhaps to show that he was on side with the peasants - tactical
process sped up again in 1931 and by 1941, 100% of households were collectivised
Kolkhoz
typical state farm by combining small individual farms
average consisted of 75 families and their livestock. in some, schools and clinics were also established.
had to deliver a set quota of produce to the state
shared any profit or goods left after procurement between members
introduce of internal passports in 1932
Sovkhoz
state farms - ideal form of farming
larger than kolhoz but just as restricted
suited to the grain growing areas in southern russia and the ukraine
official expectation is that all kolkhoz would be sovkhoz in the long term
mechanisation
use of tractors and agricultural machinery reduced the number of peasants on the land = more in cities
machine tractor stations set up from 1931, 2500 by 1940 - but only 1 for every 40 collective
state farms generally received better machinery and fertilisers
by 1938, 72% of ploughing and 48% harvesting was carried out mechanically
impact of collectivisation on Kulaks
heavily taxed, hard labour, children deprived of schooling
sold their grain off cheaply, slaughtered their animals, destroyed tools and burned their own houses
most executed, some sent off to labour camps = loss of skilled workers in country side
kulaks had no choice but to resist = 13,574 disturbances
impact on other peasants
1.5 million exported to Siberia and central Asia - most died of exposure
1928 = 70 million cattle, 1933 = 38 million - fear of being labelled as a Kulak
17.7million went into towns
introduced Five Stalks Law in Ukraine - convinced hiding grain, offenders given forced labour or death penalty
blamed Ukraine nationalists for low procurement - new campaign of requisitioning in the region
internal passports
little incentive to work hard due to lack of profit
famine, 5-7 million deaths
the famine of 1932-34 - The Holodomor
series of bad harvests from 1931-33
Ukraine had to produce 42% of grain whilst only producing 27% of harvest
Stalin convinced they were hiding grain - received 2.1 million tonnes instead of 6.6 million, Ukraine nationalists blamed
estimated 24 deaths a minute
imposed control on ukraine
argued to be man made - Stalin gave no aid, local officials seized grain and other belongings, political motives
BUT - severe drought in 1931, destruction of livestock, loss of kulaks
success of collectivisation
achieved collectivisation - 100% by 1941
industrial workforce expanded and fed
but at the expense of the peasants
economic - agricultural production fluctuated and recovery did not occur until late 1930s - grain output did not exceed pre collectivisation levels until 1935
party activists often knew little about farming and so collectives not well established in the early years
political - soviet regime had extended control over countryside, Bukharin lost power due to opposition, abolished small private plots and any sign of capitalism in the country side, dekulakisation as they went against soviet ideology
ideological - move away from NEP, destruction of kulaks
social - famine
Gosplan
state planning agency given responsibility for drawing up plans and establishing output targets but government made overall decision
suffered from a lack of reliable information and faced difficulty planning
targets set were ambitious and intended to force managers to devote maximum effort
failure to achieve targets was a criminal offence - led to corruption due to falsified statistics
first Five Year Plan 1928-1932
focused on development of heavy industry - increase production by 300%, development of coal, iron, steel and machinery, boost electricity 6 times, double output of light industry
provoked an enthusiastic response - Stalin claimed targets had been met in four years - due to falsified statistics
electricity output trebled, coal and iron doubled, new railways, HEP schemes, and industrial complexes were built but there was too few skilled workers and too little effective control coordination for efficient development
second five year plan, 1933-37
more attention to consumer goods - continue development of heavy industries, develop communications to provide links, foster engineering
some success - three good year 34-36, Moscow metro, Moscow-Volga canal in 37, electricity production and chemical industries grew rapidly, steel output trebled and coal doubled, by 1937 virtually self sufficient in tool making
focus on plan shifted to rearmament - 17% of GDP
oil production did not meet targets, no appreciable increase in consumer goods, emphasis on quality not quantity
third five year plan, 1938-42
focus on needs of defensive sector due to growing threat of Nazis, disrupted by war in 1941 - renewed emphasis on heavy industry, promote rapid rearmament, complete transition to communism
strong growth in machinery and engineering, resources were diverted to rearmament on which spending doubled between 38 and 40, oil failed to meet targets
dearth of managers and specialists after Stalins purges
new industrial centres
Dnieprostroi dam - 1932, HEP dam generating 560 MW - four further generators installed in second FYP and electric power increased by a fivefold
Turksib railway 1929 - connected Central Asia with Siberia, designed to create a working class in central asian deserts, built by nearly 50,000 workers, facilitated transport of Cotton
moscow metro 1935 - 11km line with 13 stations, first underground railway in USSR, ambitious architectural project, drew resources and specialist workers from entire USSR - high ceilings, marble walls
Moscow-Volga Canal 1937 - connects Muskka and Volga river, worlds tallest statue of Lenin built at start, almost 200,000 prisoners employed and 22,000 died
Magnitogorsk - town of 150,00 people and gigantic steel plant
use of foreigners
forced to turn for foreign companies and individuals with managerial and technical skills e.g. Henry Ford - advised on car industry
Dniesprostroi dam used experienced Canadian engineers and were awarded ‘Order of the Red Labour Banner’
Moscow metro used construction engineers from Britain to construct, and design plans ‘
at a time of great depression, communism presented an attraction to some foreigners
foreigners were looked upon with suspicion and easy to scapegoat when things went wrong - many British engineers arrested as they had gained an in depth knowledge of Moscows layout