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Germany > Economics > Flashcards

Economics Flashcards

1
Q

Factors (8)

A
  • Changes to German Agriculture
  • Introduction of Protection (1879)
  • Building of a large navy (1898-1914)
  • Mass Unemployment (1930-32)
  • Impact of Nazi Policies
  • Post war ‘economic miracle’
  • Marshall Aid
  • Membership of the European Community and the Common Agricultural Policy (post-1956)
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2
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

Wall street crash

A

oct 1929

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3
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

june 1931 withdrawal

A

RM 1000 million from Germany and 3 major banks collapsed

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4
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

factories closed, unemployment 1930, 1932

A

unemployment rose to 2.1 million by Dec 1930, peak 6 million by January 1932

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5
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

% unemployed around 1930-32

A

40% workforce
Higher in some industries- machine building 48.9%
-shipbuilding 63.5%

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6
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

Growth of extremist private parties

A

1932: SA grown from 100 000 to 400 000

Reichsbanner 1 million men

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7
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

one coup

A

Brunings lifting of reparation payments in June 1832 when Bank of International Settlement ended payment requirements (was £6.6 billion/232 billion Gold Marks)

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8
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

how did Nazis exploit economic situation?

A

opened soup kitchens, ran charity fundraisers.

By 1931, feeding 200 people a day in some areas

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9
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

how strong was Germany economically? 1960s

A

By 1963, West Germany was strongest European power

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10
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

GDP growth

A

12% in 5 years, helped by cooperative union sector that restricted wage increases

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11
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

Refugees

A

3.6 million East German, many young and willing to work

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12
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

co-determinism 1951

A

any business over 1000 employees in iron and steel industry had to allow representatives of workforce

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13
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

1952 co-determinism

A

Works Council established, facilitating discussions between employers and employees, so very few days lost to strike action (compared to Britain/France)

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14
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

Employment

A

By 1958 West Germany near full employment and labour demand made wage restriction difficult

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15
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

Economic slowdown

A

In 1960s as changed from heavy industry (e.g mining, shipbuilding) to service industries (accounting, banking)
By 1963 economic miracle effectively over

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16
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

economy collapse

A

economy collapsed and over 150 companies went bankrupt

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17
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

Pressure group

A

Central Association of German Industrialists
formed 1876
pressure for government reform introduction

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18
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

Tariffs

A

1876 tariffs set on pig iron defeated in Reichstag but Bismarck determined to pursue

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19
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

National Liberals

A

Bismarck used tariff issue to campaign openly against Liberals (who believed in free trade)
Claimed supporting was patriotic so many Liberal voters such as small farmers and peasantry, switched to Bismarck backed DKP- conservative

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20
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

Protective Laws- support and reaction

A

Bismarck passed protective tariff law with two conservative parties and Centre Party backing it
Those in heavy industry disappointed tariffs on iron lower than on agriculture but grateful for support.

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21
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

Did policies help?

A

short term helped by boosting prices of agricultural produce but lack of cheap imports from Russia meant bread prices increased, deepening class divide

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22
Q

‘Building of a large navy 1898-1914’

strength at beginning

A

navy only 7th most powerful in world by 1897

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23
Q

‘Building of a large navy 1898-1914’

What did Kaiser Wilhelm II want?

A

dominant world power

gaining ‘place in the sun’ by gaining African colonies

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24
Q

‘Building of a large navy 1898-1914’

why Kaiser want navy?

A

would bring economic benefits for academic and middle classes
unite disparate country- working class, middle class, Junkers

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25
Q

‘Building of a large navy 1898-1914’

why industrialists want navy?

A

work and money

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26
Q

‘Building of a large navy 1898-1914’

Admiral von Tirpitz bill

A

1898: secretary of state of navy
create 17 ships over 7 years
Increased to 36 with another bill in 1900

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27
Q

‘Building of a large navy 1898-1914’

By 1914 navy size

A

had doubled and had second largest after Britain

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28
Q

‘Impact of Nazi policies’

well known economist appointed

A

March 1933 Hjalmar Schacht

President of Reichsbank

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29
Q

‘Impact of Nazi policies’

Schacht believed

A

Countries should spend their way out of economic problems

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30
Q

‘Impact of Nazi policies’

Investments

A

RM 5000 in public work programmes

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31
Q

‘Impact of Nazi policies’

unemployment

A

fell 2.7 million in 1934 to 1.7 million 1935

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32
Q

‘Impact of Nazi policies’

Mefo Bills

A

Credit notes repaid in 4 years

RM 12 000 worth issued to German industry, financing 50% of arms expenditure 1934-36

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33
Q

‘Impact of Nazi policies’

Ersatz

A

1937 invested in heavily, production of synthetic furls increased by 130% but still equated to just 18% demand for fuel

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34
Q

‘Impact of Nazi policies’

Albert Speer and Arms Production

A

1942:

  • Minister of Armaments and Munitions, took control of raw material production to reduce wastage
  • Arms production per head 32% higher than in 1939
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35
Q

‘Impact of Nazi policies’

Goebbels

A

Made Total War Plenipotentiary, shutting down non-essential industries, banning leave from work, restricting employment of domestic servants

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36
Q

‘Impact of Nazi policies’

economy by 1944

A

war economy barely functioning, inefficiencies never solved in Nazi Period although there had never been recovery

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37
Q

‘Marshall Aid’

Date and who

A

5th June 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall

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38
Q

‘Marshall Aid’

How much

A

$17 billion to Western European countries

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39
Q

‘Marshall Aid’

Truman Doctrine

A

Announced 12th June 1947

USA provide military and economic assistance to ‘free peoples’ struggling against communism

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40
Q

‘Marshall Aid’

How much did West Germany receive?

A

$2.7 billion during 1940s and 1950s to support and redevelop economy
paid for 37% West Germany’s imports

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41
Q

‘Marshall Aid’

finance minister

A

Ludwig Erhard invested

42
Q

‘Marshall Aid’

economy output by 1946

A

had reached 40% of its pre war output and appeared to be recovering well on its own
(accelerated growth of economy but didn’t kick start it)

43
Q

‘Marshall Aid’

aid coordination

A

Greater coordination between Western Europe as aid coordinated by Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (EEC)

44
Q

‘Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956’
EEC stands for

A

European Economic Community

45
Q

‘Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956’
EEC established by

A

Treaty of Rome

25th March 1955

46
Q

‘Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956’
What did EEC do?

A

established common market between 6 nations (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg)

47
Q

‘Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956’
What did EEC succeed?

A

1951 European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC

48
Q

‘Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956’
Exports and imports to EEC

A

By 1981 45% exports and 47% imports

49
Q

‘Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956’
Common Agricultural Policy

A

1962
Tried to reduce competition between nations
each member subsidies agricultural industry to varying degrees, differing food prices and undermined EEC principles

50
Q

‘Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956’
CAP estbalished what 1962-70

A

common prices on wheat, rice, oil, fruit, sugar

51
Q

‘Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956’
West German sugar exports

A

Within EEC, rose by 19% 1971-77

52
Q

‘Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956’
Highest expenditure on CAP, and why

A

West Germany spending 30% total expenditure at times on CAP

Successful lobbying by influential farming pressure groups

53
Q

‘Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956’
By 1987

A

West Germany was EEC’s main economic power

54
Q

‘Bismarck 1871-1914’

2nd Industrial Revolution

A

Electricity

55
Q

‘Bismarck 1871-1914’

Industrial Company

A

formed 1883

Deutsche Edison Gesellschaft (AEG)one of first major industrial companies focused on electricity

56
Q

‘Bismarck 1871-1914’

Electrical Output

A

increased by 18% every year 1890-1913

57
Q

‘Bismarck 1871-1914’

Population increase for large labour force

A

50 million in 1890, 60 million in 1910

58
Q

‘Bismarck 1871-1914’

raw material reserves

A

Iron ore in Alsace Lorraine

Coal in Ruhr

59
Q

‘Bismarck 1871-1914’

Chancellor Caprivi

A 
Commercial Treaties (1890-94)
Including Italy, Russia, Belgium, Switzerland
Lowered tariffs on imports of cattle, timber, rye, wheat and guaranteed market for German goods for 12 years
60
Q

‘Bismarck 1871-1914’

Value of exports

A

Increased by £365 million 1872-1914 (only just behind Britain)
German mark almost as strong as British pound

61
Q

‘Bismarck 1871-1914’

West German Production by 1914

A

2/3 Europe’s steel
1/2 coal
led continent in chemicals, electrics, cotton
20% more electricity than Britain, France, and Italy combined

62
Q

‘WW1’

Synthetic materials

A

Ersatz
By 1915, scientists create synthetic materials that couldn’t be imported
e.g manufacturing nitrates from air

63
Q

‘WW1’

import organisation from 1916

A

Central Purchasing Company

Organised imports from neutral countries to maintain some elements of trade

64
Q

‘WW1’

how was workforce militarised?

A

Auxiliary Service Act under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, all work for men 17-60 directed
excluded women and children

65
Q

‘Weimar 1914-33’

War debt

A

140 billion Marks

66
Q

‘Weimar 1914-33’

ToV reparations and date

A

£6.6 billion

Introduced 1921

67
Q

‘Weimar 1914-33’

Hyperinflation examples

A

DM 9 million for a loaf of bread

$1 = DM 4.2 trillion

68
Q

‘Weimar 1914-33’

Stresemann

A

Introduced Rentenmark in 1924

69
Q

‘Weimar 1914-33’

Rationalisation

A

Workforces more efficient

In Ruhr, workforce declined by 33% but production increased by 18% per working hour

70
Q

‘Nazis 1933-45’

Invested in

A

Work creation schemes such as RAD

71
Q

‘Nazis 1933-45’

Four Year Plan

A

From 1936 focused on industry and armaments production

72
Q

‘Nazis 1933-45’

expenditure on rearmaments

A

44% by 1938

Nazis guaranteed factory owners that they would buy the products

73
Q

‘Nazis 1933-45’

Labourers

A

Millions of slave labourers from occupied countires used during WW2 to make munitions and help with farming

74
Q

‘Nazis 1933-45’

Albert Speer

A

Reorganised chaotic system and Central Planning Board (in his role as Minister for munitions and Armaments)

75
Q

‘West Germany 1945-1990’

Economics minister

A

Ludwig Erhard

76
Q

‘West Germany 1945-1990’

Korean War

A

1950-53

Boosted economy as US army required goods that Germany excelled at producing

77
Q

‘West Germany 1945-1990’

GNP

A

trebled during 1950s (impressive but did start low)

78
Q

‘Agriculture’

WW1 impact

A

shortages and lack of men and horses, work taken up by women and children

79
Q

‘Agriculture’

1916-17

A

Turnip Winter

Food shortages

80
Q

‘Agriculture’

Hyperinflation benefit

A

Worthless currency meant fixed-mortgages paid off easily

81
Q

‘Agriculture’

Wheat prices by 1831

A

Fallen by 1/3 from pre-1920s

82
Q

‘Agriculture’

Investment levels Weimar

A

little investment in agriculture compared to other countries

focus on advancing industries

83
Q

‘Agriculture’

Weimar taxes

A

4 x higher than during Kaiserreich

84
Q

‘Agriculture’

Weimar % workers

A

30% working population in agricultural and forestry work in 1925

85
Q

‘Agriculture’

Rural debt and bankruptcy

A

Rose increasing by 20-30% by the late 1920s

86
Q

‘Agriculture’

1928-32 income

A

agricultural income dropped by 40%, average income of farmers 44% below national average

87
Q

‘Agriculture’

Schleswig and Holstein

A

Tax strikes, protests, bombing of government offices as government appeared to be doing nothing

88
Q

‘Agriculture’

Increase Nazi support

A

gained 2.6% in 1928 election but higher percentage in rural areas of Lower Saxony, Thuringia, and Upper Bavaria

89
Q

‘Agriculture’

Rye exports Weimar

A

After 1929, virtually non existent (compared to 2 tonnes 1922)

90
Q

‘Agriculture’

Osthilfe Programme

A

Provided money to keep farms afloat but too little too late for the neglected farmers

91
Q

‘Agriculture’

How did Nazis view farming?

A

Used romanticised propaganda to promote it but decline of farming continued.

92
Q

‘Agriculture’

Why did it decline in Nazi period? (2)

A

Industry required ever increasing workforce

Investment in modern faming machinery and techniques lagged behind industry

93
Q

‘Agriculture’

What did Nazis give in 1938?

A

Greater subsidies

94
Q

‘Agriculture’

Internal migration in Nazi period

A

1933-38 almost 1 million people left rural areas to look for work in cities

95
Q

‘Agriculture’

the Agriculture Act (Green Law)

A

supported agricultural prices through protective tariffs on agricultural imports

96
Q

‘Agriculture’

production increase and impact

A

10% increase as domestic consumption increased

failed to stem overall decline

97
Q

‘Agriculture’

Non agricultural employment 1950-70

A

increased by 9 million

98
Q

‘Agriculture’

Agricultural employment 1950-70

A

dropped by 1.6 million

99
Q

‘Agriculture’

GDP by 1989

A

1.6 % (decline from 11% in 1956)

100
Q

‘Agriculture’

Number of farms in 1950/1990

A

1.6 million to 630 000

Germany (2 decks)

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