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Economics Flashcards

1
Q

Factors (8)

A
  • Changes to German Agriculture
  • Introduction of Protection (1879)
  • Building of a large navy (1898-1914)
  • Mass Unemployment (1930-32)
  • Impact of Nazi Policies
  • Post war ‘economic miracle’
  • Marshall Aid
  • Membership of the European Community and the Common Agricultural Policy (post-1956)
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2
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

Wall street crash

A

oct 1929

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3
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

june 1931 withdrawal

A

RM 1000 million from Germany and 3 major banks collapsed

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4
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

factories closed, unemployment 1930, 1932

A

unemployment rose to 2.1 million by Dec 1930, peak 6 million by January 1932

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5
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

% unemployed around 1930-32

A

40% workforce
Higher in some industries- machine building 48.9%
-shipbuilding 63.5%

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6
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

Growth of extremist private parties

A

1932: SA grown from 100 000 to 400 000

Reichsbanner 1 million men

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7
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

one coup

A

Brunings lifting of reparation payments in June 1832 when Bank of International Settlement ended payment requirements (was £6.6 billion/232 billion Gold Marks)

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8
Q

‘Mass unemployment 1930-32’

how did Nazis exploit economic situation?

A

opened soup kitchens, ran charity fundraisers.

By 1931, feeding 200 people a day in some areas

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9
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

how strong was Germany economically? 1960s

A

By 1963, West Germany was strongest European power

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10
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

GDP growth

A

12% in 5 years, helped by cooperative union sector that restricted wage increases

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11
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

Refugees

A

3.6 million East German, many young and willing to work

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12
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

co-determinism 1951

A

any business over 1000 employees in iron and steel industry had to allow representatives of workforce

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13
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

1952 co-determinism

A

Works Council established, facilitating discussions between employers and employees, so very few days lost to strike action (compared to Britain/France)

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14
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

Employment

A

By 1958 West Germany near full employment and labour demand made wage restriction difficult

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15
Q

‘Post war economic miracle’

Economic slowdown

A

In 1960s as changed from heavy industry (e.g mining, shipbuilding) to service industries (accounting, banking)
By 1963 economic miracle effectively over

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16
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

economy collapse

A

economy collapsed and over 150 companies went bankrupt

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17
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

Pressure group

A

Central Association of German Industrialists
formed 1876
pressure for government reform introduction

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18
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

Tariffs

A

1876 tariffs set on pig iron defeated in Reichstag but Bismarck determined to pursue

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19
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

National Liberals

A

Bismarck used tariff issue to campaign openly against Liberals (who believed in free trade)
Claimed supporting was patriotic so many Liberal voters such as small farmers and peasantry, switched to Bismarck backed DKP- conservative

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20
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

Protective Laws- support and reaction

A

Bismarck passed protective tariff law with two conservative parties and Centre Party backing it
Those in heavy industry disappointed tariffs on iron lower than on agriculture but grateful for support.

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21
Q

‘Introduction of Protection 1879’

Did policies help?

A

short term helped by boosting prices of agricultural produce but lack of cheap imports from Russia meant bread prices increased, deepening class divide

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22
Q

‘Building of a large navy 1898-1914’

strength at beginning

A

navy only 7th most powerful in world by 1897

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23
Q

‘Building of a large navy 1898-1914’

What did Kaiser Wilhelm II want?

A

dominant world power

gaining ‘place in the sun’ by gaining African colonies

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24
Q

‘Building of a large navy 1898-1914’

why Kaiser want navy?

A

would bring economic benefits for academic and middle classes
unite disparate country- working class, middle class, Junkers

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25
'Building of a large navy 1898-1914' | why industrialists want navy?
work and money
26
'Building of a large navy 1898-1914' | Admiral von Tirpitz bill
1898: secretary of state of navy create 17 ships over 7 years Increased to 36 with another bill in 1900
27
'Building of a large navy 1898-1914' | By 1914 navy size
had doubled and had second largest after Britain
28
'Impact of Nazi policies' | well known economist appointed
March 1933 Hjalmar Schacht | President of Reichsbank
29
'Impact of Nazi policies' | Schacht believed
Countries should spend their way out of economic problems
30
'Impact of Nazi policies' | Investments
RM 5000 in public work programmes
31
'Impact of Nazi policies' | unemployment
fell 2.7 million in 1934 to 1.7 million 1935
32
'Impact of Nazi policies' | Mefo Bills
Credit notes repaid in 4 years | RM 12 000 worth issued to German industry, financing 50% of arms expenditure 1934-36
33
'Impact of Nazi policies' | Ersatz
1937 invested in heavily, production of synthetic furls increased by 130% but still equated to just 18% demand for fuel
34
'Impact of Nazi policies' | Albert Speer and Arms Production
1942: - Minister of Armaments and Munitions, took control of raw material production to reduce wastage - Arms production per head 32% higher than in 1939
35
'Impact of Nazi policies' | Goebbels
Made Total War Plenipotentiary, shutting down non-essential industries, banning leave from work, restricting employment of domestic servants
36
'Impact of Nazi policies' | economy by 1944
war economy barely functioning, inefficiencies never solved in Nazi Period although there had never been recovery
37
'Marshall Aid' | Date and who
5th June 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall
38
'Marshall Aid' | How much
$17 billion to Western European countries
39
'Marshall Aid' | Truman Doctrine
Announced 12th June 1947 | USA provide military and economic assistance to 'free peoples' struggling against communism
40
'Marshall Aid' | How much did West Germany receive?
$2.7 billion during 1940s and 1950s to support and redevelop economy paid for 37% West Germany's imports
41
'Marshall Aid' | finance minister
Ludwig Erhard invested
42
'Marshall Aid' | economy output by 1946
had reached 40% of its pre war output and appeared to be recovering well on its own (accelerated growth of economy but didn't kick start it)
43
'Marshall Aid' | aid coordination
Greater coordination between Western Europe as aid coordinated by Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (EEC)
44
'Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956' EEC stands for
European Economic Community
45
'Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956' EEC established by
Treaty of Rome | 25th March 1955
46
'Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956' What did EEC do?
established common market between 6 nations (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg)
47
'Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956' What did EEC succeed?
1951 European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC
48
'Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956' Exports and imports to EEC
By 1981 45% exports and 47% imports
49
'Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956' Common Agricultural Policy
1962 Tried to reduce competition between nations each member subsidies agricultural industry to varying degrees, differing food prices and undermined EEC principles
50
'Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956' CAP estbalished what 1962-70
common prices on wheat, rice, oil, fruit, sugar
51
'Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956' West German sugar exports
Within EEC, rose by 19% 1971-77
52
'Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956' Highest expenditure on CAP, and why
West Germany spending 30% total expenditure at times on CAP | Successful lobbying by influential farming pressure groups
53
'Membership of the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy post 1956' By 1987
West Germany was EEC's main economic power
54
'Bismarck 1871-1914' | 2nd Industrial Revolution
Electricity
55
'Bismarck 1871-1914' | Industrial Company
formed 1883 | Deutsche Edison Gesellschaft (AEG)one of first major industrial companies focused on electricity
56
'Bismarck 1871-1914' | Electrical Output
increased by 18% every year 1890-1913
57
'Bismarck 1871-1914' | Population increase for large labour force
50 million in 1890, 60 million in 1910
58
'Bismarck 1871-1914' | raw material reserves
Iron ore in Alsace Lorraine | Coal in Ruhr
59
'Bismarck 1871-1914' | Chancellor Caprivi
``` Commercial Treaties (1890-94) Including Italy, Russia, Belgium, Switzerland Lowered tariffs on imports of cattle, timber, rye, wheat and guaranteed market for German goods for 12 years ```
60
'Bismarck 1871-1914' | Value of exports
Increased by £365 million 1872-1914 (only just behind Britain) German mark almost as strong as British pound
61
'Bismarck 1871-1914' | West German Production by 1914
2/3 Europe's steel 1/2 coal led continent in chemicals, electrics, cotton 20% more electricity than Britain, France, and Italy combined
62
'WW1' | Synthetic materials
Ersatz By 1915, scientists create synthetic materials that couldn't be imported e.g manufacturing nitrates from air
63
'WW1' | import organisation from 1916
Central Purchasing Company | Organised imports from neutral countries to maintain some elements of trade
64
'WW1' | how was workforce militarised?
Auxiliary Service Act under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, all work for men 17-60 directed excluded women and children
65
'Weimar 1914-33' | War debt
140 billion Marks
66
'Weimar 1914-33' | ToV reparations and date
£6.6 billion | Introduced 1921
67
'Weimar 1914-33' | Hyperinflation examples
DM 9 million for a loaf of bread | $1 = DM 4.2 trillion
68
'Weimar 1914-33' | Stresemann
Introduced Rentenmark in 1924
69
'Weimar 1914-33' | Rationalisation
Workforces more efficient | In Ruhr, workforce declined by 33% but production increased by 18% per working hour
70
'Nazis 1933-45' | Invested in
Work creation schemes such as RAD
71
'Nazis 1933-45' | Four Year Plan
From 1936 focused on industry and armaments production
72
'Nazis 1933-45' | expenditure on rearmaments
44% by 1938 | Nazis guaranteed factory owners that they would buy the products
73
'Nazis 1933-45' | Labourers
Millions of slave labourers from occupied countires used during WW2 to make munitions and help with farming
74
'Nazis 1933-45' | Albert Speer
Reorganised chaotic system and Central Planning Board (in his role as Minister for munitions and Armaments)
75
'West Germany 1945-1990' | Economics minister
Ludwig Erhard
76
'West Germany 1945-1990' | Korean War
1950-53 | Boosted economy as US army required goods that Germany excelled at producing
77
'West Germany 1945-1990' | GNP
trebled during 1950s (impressive but did start low)
78
'Agriculture' | WW1 impact
shortages and lack of men and horses, work taken up by women and children
79
'Agriculture' | 1916-17
Turnip Winter | Food shortages
80
'Agriculture' | Hyperinflation benefit
Worthless currency meant fixed-mortgages paid off easily
81
'Agriculture' | Wheat prices by 1831
Fallen by 1/3 from pre-1920s
82
'Agriculture' | Investment levels Weimar
little investment in agriculture compared to other countries | focus on advancing industries
83
'Agriculture' | Weimar taxes
4 x higher than during Kaiserreich
84
'Agriculture' | Weimar % workers
30% working population in agricultural and forestry work in 1925
85
'Agriculture' | Rural debt and bankruptcy
Rose increasing by 20-30% by the late 1920s
86
'Agriculture' | 1928-32 income
agricultural income dropped by 40%, average income of farmers 44% below national average
87
'Agriculture' | Schleswig and Holstein
Tax strikes, protests, bombing of government offices as government appeared to be doing nothing
88
'Agriculture' | Increase Nazi support
gained 2.6% in 1928 election but higher percentage in rural areas of Lower Saxony, Thuringia, and Upper Bavaria
89
'Agriculture' | Rye exports Weimar
After 1929, virtually non existent (compared to 2 tonnes 1922)
90
'Agriculture' | Osthilfe Programme
Provided money to keep farms afloat but too little too late for the neglected farmers
91
'Agriculture' | How did Nazis view farming?
Used romanticised propaganda to promote it but decline of farming continued.
92
'Agriculture' | Why did it decline in Nazi period? (2)
Industry required ever increasing workforce | Investment in modern faming machinery and techniques lagged behind industry
93
'Agriculture' | What did Nazis give in 1938?
Greater subsidies
94
'Agriculture' | Internal migration in Nazi period
1933-38 almost 1 million people left rural areas to look for work in cities
95
'Agriculture' | the Agriculture Act (Green Law)
supported agricultural prices through protective tariffs on agricultural imports
96
'Agriculture' | production increase and impact
10% increase as domestic consumption increased | failed to stem overall decline
97
'Agriculture' | Non agricultural employment 1950-70
increased by 9 million
98
'Agriculture' | Agricultural employment 1950-70
dropped by 1.6 million
99
'Agriculture' | GDP by 1989
1.6 % (decline from 11% in 1956)
100
'Agriculture' | Number of farms in 1950/1990
1.6 million to 630 000

Germany (2 decks)

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