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Bismarck (source) Flashcards

1
Q

Law for Combating the Criminal Aims of Social Democracy when

A

Oct 1878

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2
Q

Law for Combating the Criminal Aims of Social Democracy why

A

two failed assassination attempts on Kaiser, despite no socialist connection

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3
Q

Main Topics

A

Kulturkampf, Reducing divisions, National Liberals, War in Sight

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4
Q

Franco Prussian War

A

Had defeated France 1871

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5
Q

Bismarck said what to French in 1874

A

There would be a ‘threat to peace’ if they sided with the pope against german domestic policy

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6
Q

1873 Law France

A

French Army Organisational Law

Increased French infantry battalions from 3 to 4 (estimated there would be 800 000 trained men)

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7
Q

who considered preventative war after french law

A

Von Moltke (German military leader), but idea dismissed by Bismarck

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8
Q

newspaper claiming threat to Germany

A

5th April 1875, Kölnische Zeitung published article claiming French and Austrians uniting against Germans

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9
Q

Berliner Post

A

Followed Kölnische Zeitung article

9th April article asking ‘Is war in sight?’, suggesting german government thought so, put pressure on french

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10
Q

Von Moltke’s report

A

on French military expansion sent to British and diplomats elsewhere
French, British, and Russians alarmed at prospect of war

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11
Q

Tsar Alexander II

A

Visited Germany for Private talks with Kaiser (supported by mutual relative Queen Victoria)

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12
Q

Why did Bismarck back down, War in Sight

A

Pressure from Russia (Tsar Alexander II) and Britain (George VI) forced him to back down

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13
Q

4 impacts of war in sight

A
  • Bismarck humiliated as monarchs had determined direction of foreign policy
  • Illustrated power of military and press
  • Bismarck become cautious in his rhetoric against French
  • Increasing unease in Europe over Germany’s diplomatic goals
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14
Q

National Liberals popularity 1870s and who from

A

30.1% vote in 1871

educated + middle class, right wing

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15
Q

aims National Liberals (3)

A
  • national unity
  • free trade
  • single economic system with no protectionist policies (like tariffs/foreign taxes that would benefit one state preferentially)
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16
Q

Why does Bismarck work with National Liberals?

A

wants to unite Junkers and middle class, excluding workers
both feared Catholic support for centre party
needed support of largest party for legislative speed

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17
Q

when does Bismarck work with National Liberals?

A

1871-79

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18
Q

some smaller results of work with Liberals

A
  • standard legal system
  • restrictions removed so freedom of movement
  • standardised weights/measurements
  • legislation relating to free trade
  • laws charging interest on loans removed
  • Reichsmark=sole legal currency
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19
Q

main result of work with liberals

A

IMPROVED ECONOMY

+economic integration between states

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20
Q

why did Bismarck want to split from liberals

A

felt they had too much power, tension increased as he refused to extend parliamentary power
work with more right wing members

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21
Q

how did Bismarck split liberals

A

issue of tariffs, 1879 tariff bill, more conservative members voted with him

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22
Q

parties after liberal split

A

Aug 1880
Conservative National Liberal Party
more left-leaning Liberal Union

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23
Q

why did Bismarck introduce tariffs

A

1873 economic crash and subsequent depression

protect German farmers and industry

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24
Q

why was Bismarck’s tariff method successful in splitting liberals

A

tariffs contrasted with Liberal’s free trade ideology

1878-pro-tariff message seen as patriotic (votes switched to Conservative Party DKP, and Liberal vote fell to 23.1%)

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25
Did Liberal break help with unification?
Economically helped Politically short term: helped long term: hindered, opposition in Reichstag and no majority
26
positive consequences liberal split (2)
achieved goal of splitting party | became increasingly conversative over time
27
negative consequences liberal split (3)
- Centre Party became largest party and Bismarck's opposition to them made Reichstag difficult to control - left leaning liberals won support (free minded) - 1884: two largest Reichstag Parties generally opposed to Bismarck's political goals
28
German Free Minded Party
1884: second largest party | Liberal Union and Progressive Party merged
29
1864 church
Syllabus of Errors denounced liberalism and secularism
30
1870 church
Declaration of Papal Infallibility | Pope's spiritual power had authority over secular power in respect to political allegiance
31
Main general issues with church laws
opposed ideology of Bismarck/Liberals | Undermined hope for unity (1/3 population Catholic)
32
what amount population catholic 1871
1/3
33
why did Bismarck dislike Centre party
they supported non-German Catholics in Germany e.g Catholic Polish and French in Alsace and Lorraine Encouraged speaking native languages, meaning groups maintained separate identities and nationalism e.g Polish youth were not 'Germanised'
34
bismarck disliked Catholics - war
most Catholics had sided with Austria against Prussia in 1866 War
35
general dislike Catholics
believed them an outside group, antagonistic to Prussia and formation of new German Reich
36
5 aspects of the Kulturkampf
- law allowed state authorities to inspect Catholic schools - Jesuit priestly order banned - 1873 Prussia May Laws - Catholics couldn't go to university - 'Bread Basket Law'
37
'Bread Basket Law'
withdrew financial support from priests who wouldn't publicly declare support for state
38
1873 Prussia May Laws
State had power over education and appointment of priests
39
Kulturkampf by 1890
1800 priests jailed/exiled | Church property worth 16 million Reichsmarks seized
40
how long was kulturkampf
5 years
41
catholic party vote after Kulturkampf
increased 18.6% in 1871 to 27.9% in 1874 | 1878: equal largest party in Reichstag
42
how successful was Kulturkampf?
- reinforced Catholic separation from state - strengthened support for Centre Party - Bismarck shown to attack based on religion FAILED TO ACHIEVE GOALS
43
Why did Kulturkampf end? (3)
NO LONGER POLITICALLY HELPFUL - needed Z party to push protectionist policies after moving against National Liberals - Opposed by Prussian Conservatives and Royal family, Bismarck needed their support - Still prejudiced against Catholicism but believed religion an important force against liberalism
44
Bismarck's opinion on democracy
sceptical but believed vote for men over 25 would minimise liberal influences and encourage support for monarchy
45
Reichstag and democracy
created only illusion of democracy but did have power moderating Bismarck and delaying legislation
46
main Reichstag power
control of budget
47
no bill could become law without Reichstag vote meaning that...
Bismarck often made concessions as new Reich needed new laws and dissolving Reichstag took time (doesn't dissolve at all in 1870s)
48
Reichstag parliamentary immunity
Reichstag was open forum of debate and deputies could speak without fear of arrest Debates widely reported in press so Bismarck could be criticised publicly
49
Universal male suffrage did what?
developed growth of mass political parties with popular appeal that government could not completely ignore
50
what remained a powerful force in shaping political attitudes
pre-existing divisions
51
what was independent from Reichstag's budgetary control?
Army budget - fixed 7 years at a time, - 80% of all federal expenditure (so Reichstag only controlled 20%)
52
why did appeal of socialism increase
growing social division from rapid urbanisation and depression
53
When did SAPD become SPD
1890
54
SAPD votes
1871-3.3% | 1878-7.6%
55
Growth in DKP/conservative support confirmed Prussian dominance (Junkers) Figures
1874-14.2% | 1878-26.6%
56
north south party divide
National Liberals in North supported German Empire German People's Party in south opposed creation of unified Germany
57
following 2 assassination attempts on Kaiser in 1878
SAPD banned
58
4 of Bismarck's political goals
- destroy Catholics - Nationalism - Consolidate German Empire (not imperialistic) - Isolate France
59
why was Reichstag mainly Junkers
deputies received no payment
60
Reichstag influence over legislation
voted on it but couldn't initiate- this was done by Chancellor or Bundesrat
61
bundesrat influence on legislation
could veto
62
prussian influence in Bundesrat
could always veto legislation it found unfavourable | 17/58 deputies (needed only 14 votes to veto legislation)
63
who was not accountable to Reichstag?
chancellor/military chief/Kaiser
64
who could dissolve Reichstag
kaiser
65
reducing divisions factors
reichstag/länder/constitution nationalism army
66
what did länder retain control over
state constitutions- education, transport, direct taxation, policing, health
67
what did number of representatives in Bundesrat depend on?
size of state- prussia 17/58, smaller states only 1
68
privileges given to southern states due to deals made when joining ...........
North German Confederation in 1871 | e.g. exempt from taxes on beer and spirits, retained own railway and postal systems
69
what system ensured dominance of Prussian Junkers over voting system
weight of vote dependent on taxes paid lowest 85% voted for 1/3 Prussian Landtag members highest 5% also elected 1/3
70
why was nationalism important- 2 phrases
formation of homogenous nation | Reichsdeutsche identity
71
länder/constitution/reichstag judgement
Unity is institutionalised/legal States given enough power to keep them content, but Prussian elites remained dominant in political structure Illusion of political unity
72
Nationalist event following 1870 event
Battle of Sedan | Sedantag- nationalist holiday, Prussian victory, irrelevant to South
73
nationalism taught in schools and university
forced and emphasised Prussian militarism but long term some effect Generally, many people in education linked to left wing
74
nationalism currency
Reichsmark minted with Kaiser
75
popularity of newly named SPD
returned 1890 | 1 million votes, 35 Reichstag seats
76
Law for Combating the Criminal Aims of Social Democracy impact
1500 socialists imprisoned between 1878-90, giving an internal enemy to unite against
77
Late 1870s, Bismarck Poles and Jews
began to expel them from Germany
78
nationalised institutional changes for unity
national legal system, national civil service, German railway system linked up, single currency, standardised weights and measurements
79
nationalism judgement
treatment of minorities gave a common internal enemy to distract from greater call for democratic reform, and appealed to patriotism
80
Patriotism
love of country
81
nationalism
thinking your country is superior
82
jingoism
arrogance of superiority over others
83
bismarck previous role
military general
84
military service
2-3 years compulsory, all completed in Prussia (values of discipline, loyalty, patriotism, military pride)
85
which armies was German army made up of
Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg
86
who were individual armies owing allegiance to
king of that state except in war when it was Kaiser who took control (and so Prussian command)
87
who controlled army
Prussian military elite, led by Kaiser and Junkers
88
army judgement
conscription= unity by coercion | but army was sense of pride for many

Germany (2 decks)

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