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Germany > Bismarck (source) > Flashcards

Bismarck (source) Flashcards

1
Q

Law for Combating the Criminal Aims of Social Democracy when

A

Oct 1878

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2
Q

Law for Combating the Criminal Aims of Social Democracy why

A

two failed assassination attempts on Kaiser, despite no socialist connection

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3
Q

Main Topics

A

Kulturkampf, Reducing divisions, National Liberals, War in Sight

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4
Q

Franco Prussian War

A

Had defeated France 1871

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5
Q

Bismarck said what to French in 1874

A

There would be a ‘threat to peace’ if they sided with the pope against german domestic policy

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6
Q

1873 Law France

A

French Army Organisational Law

Increased French infantry battalions from 3 to 4 (estimated there would be 800 000 trained men)

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7
Q

who considered preventative war after french law

A

Von Moltke (German military leader), but idea dismissed by Bismarck

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8
Q

newspaper claiming threat to Germany

A

5th April 1875, Kölnische Zeitung published article claiming French and Austrians uniting against Germans

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9
Q

Berliner Post

A

Followed Kölnische Zeitung article

9th April article asking ‘Is war in sight?’, suggesting german government thought so, put pressure on french

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10
Q

Von Moltke’s report

A

on French military expansion sent to British and diplomats elsewhere
French, British, and Russians alarmed at prospect of war

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11
Q

Tsar Alexander II

A

Visited Germany for Private talks with Kaiser (supported by mutual relative Queen Victoria)

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12
Q

Why did Bismarck back down, War in Sight

A

Pressure from Russia (Tsar Alexander II) and Britain (George VI) forced him to back down

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13
Q

4 impacts of war in sight

A
  • Bismarck humiliated as monarchs had determined direction of foreign policy
  • Illustrated power of military and press
  • Bismarck become cautious in his rhetoric against French
  • Increasing unease in Europe over Germany’s diplomatic goals
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14
Q

National Liberals popularity 1870s and who from

A

30.1% vote in 1871

educated + middle class, right wing

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15
Q

aims National Liberals (3)

A
  • national unity
  • free trade
  • single economic system with no protectionist policies (like tariffs/foreign taxes that would benefit one state preferentially)
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16
Q

Why does Bismarck work with National Liberals?

A

wants to unite Junkers and middle class, excluding workers
both feared Catholic support for centre party
needed support of largest party for legislative speed

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17
Q

when does Bismarck work with National Liberals?

A

1871-79

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18
Q

some smaller results of work with Liberals

A
  • standard legal system
  • restrictions removed so freedom of movement
  • standardised weights/measurements
  • legislation relating to free trade
  • laws charging interest on loans removed
  • Reichsmark=sole legal currency
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19
Q

main result of work with liberals

A

IMPROVED ECONOMY

+economic integration between states

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20
Q

why did Bismarck want to split from liberals

A

felt they had too much power, tension increased as he refused to extend parliamentary power
work with more right wing members

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21
Q

how did Bismarck split liberals

A

issue of tariffs, 1879 tariff bill, more conservative members voted with him

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22
Q

parties after liberal split

A

Aug 1880
Conservative National Liberal Party
more left-leaning Liberal Union

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23
Q

why did Bismarck introduce tariffs

A

1873 economic crash and subsequent depression

protect German farmers and industry

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24
Q

why was Bismarck’s tariff method successful in splitting liberals

A

tariffs contrasted with Liberal’s free trade ideology

1878-pro-tariff message seen as patriotic (votes switched to Conservative Party DKP, and Liberal vote fell to 23.1%)

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25
Q

Did Liberal break help with unification?

A

Economically helped
Politically short term: helped
long term: hindered, opposition in Reichstag
and no majority

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26
Q

positive consequences liberal split (2)

A

achieved goal of splitting party

became increasingly conversative over time

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27
Q

negative consequences liberal split (3)

A
  • Centre Party became largest party and Bismarck’s opposition to them made Reichstag difficult to control
  • left leaning liberals won support (free minded)
  • 1884: two largest Reichstag Parties generally opposed to Bismarck’s political goals
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28
Q

German Free Minded Party

A

1884: second largest party

Liberal Union and Progressive Party merged

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29
Q

1864 church

A

Syllabus of Errors denounced liberalism and secularism

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30
Q

1870 church

A

Declaration of Papal Infallibility

Pope’s spiritual power had authority over secular power in respect to political allegiance

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31
Q

Main general issues with church laws

A

opposed ideology of Bismarck/Liberals

Undermined hope for unity (1/3 population Catholic)

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32
Q

what amount population catholic 1871

A

1/3

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33
Q

why did Bismarck dislike Centre party

A

they supported non-German Catholics in Germany e.g Catholic Polish and French in Alsace and Lorraine

Encouraged speaking native languages, meaning groups maintained separate identities and nationalism e.g Polish youth were not ‘Germanised’

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34
Q

bismarck disliked Catholics - war

A

most Catholics had sided with Austria against Prussia in 1866 War

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35
Q

general dislike Catholics

A

believed them an outside group, antagonistic to Prussia and formation of new German Reich

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36
Q

5 aspects of the Kulturkampf

A
  • law allowed state authorities to inspect Catholic schools
  • Jesuit priestly order banned
  • 1873 Prussia May Laws
  • Catholics couldn’t go to university
  • ‘Bread Basket Law’
37
Q

‘Bread Basket Law’

A

withdrew financial support from priests who wouldn’t publicly declare support for state

38
Q

1873 Prussia May Laws

A

State had power over education and appointment of priests

39
Q

Kulturkampf by 1890

A

1800 priests jailed/exiled

Church property worth 16 million Reichsmarks seized

40
Q

how long was kulturkampf

A

5 years

41
Q

catholic party vote after Kulturkampf

A

increased 18.6% in 1871 to 27.9% in 1874

1878: equal largest party in Reichstag

42
Q

how successful was Kulturkampf?

A
  • reinforced Catholic separation from state
  • strengthened support for Centre Party
  • Bismarck shown to attack based on religion

FAILED TO ACHIEVE GOALS

43
Q

Why did Kulturkampf end? (3)

A

NO LONGER POLITICALLY HELPFUL

  • needed Z party to push protectionist policies after moving against National Liberals
  • Opposed by Prussian Conservatives and Royal family, Bismarck needed their support
  • Still prejudiced against Catholicism but believed religion an important force against liberalism
44
Q

Bismarck’s opinion on democracy

A

sceptical but believed vote for men over 25 would minimise liberal influences and encourage support for monarchy

45
Q

Reichstag and democracy

A

created only illusion of democracy but did have power moderating Bismarck and delaying legislation

46
Q

main Reichstag power

A

control of budget

47
Q

no bill could become law without Reichstag vote meaning that…

A

Bismarck often made concessions as new Reich needed new laws and dissolving Reichstag took time (doesn’t dissolve at all in 1870s)

48
Q

Reichstag parliamentary immunity

A

Reichstag was open forum of debate and deputies could speak without fear of arrest

Debates widely reported in press so Bismarck could be criticised publicly

49
Q

Universal male suffrage did what?

A

developed growth of mass political parties with popular appeal that government could not completely ignore

50
Q

what remained a powerful force in shaping political attitudes

A

pre-existing divisions

51
Q

what was independent from Reichstag’s budgetary control?

A

Army budget

  • fixed 7 years at a time,
  • 80% of all federal expenditure (so Reichstag only controlled 20%)
52
Q

why did appeal of socialism increase

A

growing social division from rapid urbanisation and depression

53
Q

When did SAPD become SPD

A

1890

54
Q

SAPD votes

A

1871-3.3%

1878-7.6%

55
Q

Growth in DKP/conservative support confirmed Prussian dominance (Junkers)

Figures

A

1874-14.2%

1878-26.6%

56
Q

north south party divide

A

National Liberals in North supported German Empire

German People’s Party in south opposed creation of unified Germany

57
Q

following 2 assassination attempts on Kaiser in 1878

A

SAPD banned

58
Q

4 of Bismarck’s political goals

A
  • destroy Catholics
  • Nationalism
  • Consolidate German Empire (not imperialistic)
  • Isolate France
59
Q

why was Reichstag mainly Junkers

A

deputies received no payment

60
Q

Reichstag influence over legislation

A

voted on it but couldn’t initiate- this was done by Chancellor or Bundesrat

61
Q

bundesrat influence on legislation

A

could veto

62
Q

prussian influence in Bundesrat

A

could always veto legislation it found unfavourable

17/58 deputies (needed only 14 votes to veto legislation)

63
Q

who was not accountable to Reichstag?

A

chancellor/military chief/Kaiser

64
Q

who could dissolve Reichstag

A

kaiser

65
Q

reducing divisions factors

A

reichstag/länder/constitution
nationalism
army

66
Q

what did länder retain control over

A

state constitutions- education, transport, direct taxation, policing, health

67
Q

what did number of representatives in Bundesrat depend on?

A

size of state- prussia 17/58, smaller states only 1

68
Q

privileges given to southern states due to deals made when joining ………..

A

North German Confederation in 1871

e.g. exempt from taxes on beer and spirits, retained own railway and postal systems

69
Q

what system ensured dominance of Prussian Junkers over voting system

A

weight of vote dependent on taxes paid
lowest 85% voted for 1/3 Prussian Landtag members
highest 5% also elected 1/3

70
Q

why was nationalism important- 2 phrases

A

formation of homogenous nation

Reichsdeutsche identity

71
Q

länder/constitution/reichstag judgement

A

Unity is institutionalised/legal
States given enough power to keep them content, but Prussian elites remained dominant in political structure

Illusion of political unity

72
Q

Nationalist event following 1870 event

A

Battle of Sedan

Sedantag- nationalist holiday, Prussian victory, irrelevant to South

73
Q

nationalism taught in schools and university

A

forced and emphasised Prussian militarism but long term some effect

Generally, many people in education linked to left wing

74
Q

nationalism currency

A

Reichsmark minted with Kaiser

75
Q

popularity of newly named SPD

A

returned 1890

1 million votes, 35 Reichstag seats

76
Q

Law for Combating the Criminal Aims of Social Democracy impact

A

1500 socialists imprisoned between 1878-90, giving an internal enemy to unite against

77
Q

Late 1870s, Bismarck Poles and Jews

A

began to expel them from Germany

78
Q

nationalised institutional changes for unity

A

national legal system, national civil service, German railway system linked up, single currency, standardised weights and measurements

79
Q

nationalism judgement

A

treatment of minorities gave a common internal enemy to distract from greater call for democratic reform, and appealed to patriotism

80
Q

Patriotism

A

love of country

81
Q

nationalism

A

thinking your country is superior

82
Q

jingoism

A

arrogance of superiority over others

83
Q

bismarck previous role

A

military general

84
Q

military service

A

2-3 years compulsory, all completed in Prussia (values of discipline, loyalty, patriotism, military pride)

85
Q

which armies was German army made up of

A

Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg

86
Q

who were individual armies owing allegiance to

A

king of that state except in war when it was Kaiser who took control (and so Prussian command)

87
Q

who controlled army

A

Prussian military elite, led by Kaiser and Junkers

88
Q

army judgement

A

conscription= unity by coercion

but army was sense of pride for many

Germany (2 decks)

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