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GCSE History Russia > Economic & Social Chnages, 1924-41 > Flashcards

Economic & Social Chnages, 1924-41 Flashcards

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1
Q

When NEP failed what did Stalin turn to?

A

Five Year Plans

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2
Q

What was collectivisation meant to do?

A

Improve agricultural output, but led to starvation

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3
Q

What did Stalin want politically?

A

More control of the countryside

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4
Q

How did the industrial workers feel?

A

That peasants were benefiting from the revolution in a way that they weren’t.

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5
Q

What were Marxist principles?

A
  • countries would be industrialised & factories made efficient and productive
  • move towards urbanisation
  • abolishment of private property
  • wealth redistributed to the poor
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6
Q

What were the problems with NEP?

A
  • farmers could by land and employ people, form of capitalism which was unpopular with Politburo and Stalin
  • Stalin had to get rid of kulaks
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7
Q

When was peasant grain output falling?

A

1927

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8
Q

Why did communists and workers not pay for their grain to encourage production?

A

They did not want the peasants to be in control

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9
Q

What was the Urals-Siberian method?

A

Stalin demanded grain seizures from peasants.

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10
Q

Who were kulaks?

A

Anyone who refused to join a collective farm during 1929-30.

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11
Q

How many kulaks were killed in 1930-31?

A

30,000

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12
Q

What were initial problems with collectivisation?

A
  • richer and poorer peasants didn’t like governments interference
  • would destroy their crops so communists don’t receive
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13
Q

When was collectivisation paused?

A

1930

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14
Q

What did Stalin do when collectivisation paused?

A

Accused party officials for being too harsh when they were just following orders

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15
Q

How many people died due to starvation?

A
  • 1 million by 1933

- 5.7 million during collectivisation years

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16
Q

What happened to Ukrainians?

A

Brutally oppressed the ones who refused to join collective farms

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17
Q

What were the successes of collectivisation?

A
  • Stalin was in control of the countryside, political success
  • grain sold abroad paid for 5YPs, economic success
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18
Q

What were the failures of collectivisation?

A
  • no significant increase in yield
  • Russians agricultural technology didn’t improve
  • huge loss in life
  • unpopular policy
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19
Q

What was ‘Holodomor’?

A

Starvation in Ukraine

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20
Q

What does Stalin mean?

A

Man of steel

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21
Q

Why was there war scare in 1927?

A

There was concerns about industry as Russia would need the industrial capacity to produce weapons in order to compete with capitalist West.

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22
Q

When did Gosplan start?

A

1920

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23
Q

What was Gosplan?

A

Committee responsible for delivering the 5YPs

24
Q

How many factories were built 1928-37 due to Gosplan?

A

5,000

25
Q

What was a main success of 5YPs?

A

First two were each completed within 4 years

26
Q

What did the first 5YPs focus on?

A

Heavy industries

27
Q

What did the second 5YPs focus on?

A

To use resources more efficiently, and to provide consumer goods

28
Q

What was the Stakhanovite movement?

A
  • son of peasant in Ukraine
  • mined 102 tons of coal in 6 hours, 14x more than quota
  • national hero
29
Q

Successes of industrialisation

A
  • workers gained more power/influence in the communist system
  • production levels in industry increased 1928-39
  • electricity supply/machinery production were successes
30
Q

Failures of industrialisation

A
  • harder to find places to live

- unrealistic goals

31
Q

How was housing in towns?

A

Low quality and living standards were low.

32
Q

Where did people live in towns?

A

Barracks/communal accommodation

33
Q

When did fruit and meat consumption go down 66%?

A

1928-33

34
Q

What could lead to a worker losing their job?

A

One day off work without a good reason

35
Q

When were internal passports introduced? What were they?

A

1932, to stop the free movement of people around the country.

36
Q

What was the housing in countrysides?

A

Basic, outside toilets and no running water

37
Q

Food in countrysides

A

Rations, allowed Stalin to take excess food for cities

38
Q

How was productivity in countrysides?

A

Very poor, in 1939 government allowed peasants to sell produce from garden plots for profit

39
Q

How did party officials live?

A

Luxury, access to special shops for consumer goods. They became more important than workers.

40
Q

When was ‘Zhenotdel’ closed down? Why?

A

1930, male leaders felt that it was no longer needed

41
Q

How many party members were women?

A

13.5%

42
Q

Why was the state now a supporter of marriage?

A

Stalin thought marriage breakdown caused abandoned children to roam the streets

43
Q

When was male homosexuality made illegal?

A

1933

44
Q

What happened to those who wanted a divorce?

A

Fees, workers couldn’t pay them

45
Q

When was abortion made illegal?

A

1936

46
Q

Why was abortion made illegal?

A

Boost population growth, attempt to create next generation of workers

47
Q

How many women were in work in 1928?

A

3 million

48
Q

How many women were in work in 1940?

A

13+ million

49
Q

What % of industrial workers were women?

A

38-42%

50
Q

When was the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia announced?

A

November 1917

51
Q

How much of the population was Russian?

A

55%

52
Q

How many Soviet Socialist Republics were there?

A

15

53
Q

What were minorities referred as?

A

Bourgeois

54
Q

When was the invasion of Poland?

A

1939

55
Q

How many Poles were sent to the gulag in Siberia?

A

1 million

56
Q

What were gulags?

A

Hard labour camps in Siberia. Freezing conditions and starvation led to many deaths

57
Q

What nationality was Stalin?

A

Georgian

GCSE History Russia (4 decks)

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