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The rise and fall of fascist Italy > Economic Policies > Flashcards

Economic Policies Flashcards

1
Q

What economic policy did De’ Stefani follow?

A
  • Little government intervention
  • focused on reducing government spending in order to balance the budget
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2
Q

How successful were De’ Stefani’s policies?

A
  • partially successful
  • manufacturing production increased
  • agricultural groups were not happy about the reduction in tariffs
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3
Q

When was De’ Stefani replaced? By who?

A
  • July 1925
  • Giuseppe Volpi
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4
Q

How did the fascist economy transition?

A
  • was now more regulated, state-run economy that had a greater personal influence from mussolini
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5
Q

When was the ‘battle for lira’ launched?

A

August 1926

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6
Q

In Dec 1927 what was the lira artificially fixed at?

A
  • 19 to the American dollar
  • 92.46 British pound
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7
Q

What deflationary measures did the government have to put in place due to artificial fixing?

A
  • massive price reductions
  • cuts to workers wages
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8
Q

What did the battle for the lira show?

A

economy was shifting towards a greater focus on the policies that would represent Mussolini’s power and strength and less on the actual economic needs of the people

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9
Q

What was the ministry of corporations?

A
  • Corporations: mixed union of workers and employers who would discuss and implement national economic planning
    = harmonious economic order
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10
Q

What was the ‘charter of labour’? (1927)

A

Promised that these mixed corporations would organise Italy’s economy and guarantee workers’ rights in employment –> never followed through

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11
Q

What was the law implemented in 1934? On paper vs reality

A
  • mixed corporations representing 22 major economic sectors
  • on paper: highly complex government system
  • reality: propaganda
  • they were essentially councils where the workers and employers met under the guidance of the PNF
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12
Q

Who was the head of the national council of corporations and what did this mean?

A

Mussolini
- real power over economy was held by mussolini

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13
Q

What was the point of the corporate state?

A
  • provided jobs for the fascists
  • excellent propaganda and was used to prove that mussolini had overcome the problems of class conflict and constructed a ‘third way’ between communism and capitalism that harmonised industrial relations
    –> essentially non sense
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14
Q

How was employment and welfare carried out?

A
  • employment was provided through large public works schemes such as road building, house construction
  • welfare was increased to help those who could not find employment
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15
Q

To help businesses survive the great depression what was put in place?

A
  • worker’s wages cut by 12% in nov 1930
  • encouraged price fixing
  • cartelisation
  • mergers - employment stayed stable as fewer businesses closed
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16
Q

How did the government ensure banks were protected?

A
  • IMI policy: provided credit to banks to guarantee they would not collapse
  • IRI scheme: government bought up shares in banking, industry and commerce to help prop up the Italian economy and ensure that these companies did not go bankrupt
  • IRI provided education on new management and techniques and gave financial and technical assistance to support the growth of these Italian industries
17
Q

How were IRI and IMI successful in maintaining public confidence in the economy?

A
  • ## guaranteed financial support for both the banks and key employment industries
18
Q

What were the three factors that autarky driven by?

A
  1. general decline in Italian overseas trade due to the overvalued lira and the Great Depression
  2. 1936: sanctions placed on Italy in response to militaristic actions
  3. the preparation for war
19
Q

Why was trade conducted in bilateral agreements?

A
  • ensured the value of imports matched the level of exports
20
Q

What impact did the devaluing of the lira in oct 1936 have?

A
  • boosted Italy’s economy
21
Q

How did the government use the IRI scheme in autarky?

A
  • took over private firms if it was justified for the national defence, autarky
    these companies were made responsible for improving Italy’s economy self-sufficiency by finding sources of raw materials within Italy or colonies or produce synthetics as alternatives
22
Q

How much did the government spend on autarkic measures from 1934 to 1938?

A
  • 1934: 30 billion lire
  • 1938: 60 billion lire
23
Q

When was the battle for birth announced?

A

may 1927

24
Q

What was the aim of the battle of birth for the 1950s?

A

at least 60 million

25
Q

Why did the party think 40 million population wasn’t enough and why they wanted a large one?

A

40 million was not a large population to compete with the larger populations of Germany and Russia
- military strength could be boosted by a large population
- it would create more competition for employment and this would keep wages low
- increase the number of consumers

26
Q

How did the policy of battle for births link to Mussolini’s aims of developing better relations with the Catholic Church?

A
  • the ideal of Italian women focused on the family with the sole aim of giving birth fitted very closely with catholic values
  • Basilicata: had traditional values regarding women and had a high birth rate –> used as an example for the rest of Italy
27
Q

What motivations were put out to encourage the battle for births?

A
  • tax reductions and loans were provided for families with a large number of children and prizes given by Mussolini
  • 1928: employed men were given tax concessions if they had seven children or more
  • bachelor’s tax ensured that single men took on more of an financial burden than married men
  • fathers of larger families were given better career opportunities with promotions and employment
28
Q

When was the battle for grain announced?

A

1925

29
Q

How was a propaganda campaign used to increase grain production?

A
  • it was launched the free Italy from the ‘slavery of foreign bread’
  • annual wheat growing competitions
  • famers were subsidised by government grants to increase control
  • fascists educated growers on new farming techniques and providing fertilisers, farm machinery
30
Q

By what percentage did grain production increase?

A

50%

31
Q

What was the policy of ‘ruralism’?

A
  • mussolini exalted the traditional values of Italy’s rural population in contrast to the decadent and corrupt pleasure-seeking lifestyle found in the city
32
Q

What was the ‘empty the city’ campaign? 1928

A
  • prevented the internal migration from the rural areas to the cities
  • encouraged peasants to stay by launching reclamation and improvement scheme was launched
33
Q

What percentage did the welfare spending increase from during the Great Depression?
What was done to deal with this problem?

A
  • from 6.9% to 20.6%
  • taxes were raised and a ‘forced loan’ of five percent on the value of housing had to be paid
34
Q

What was wrong with IRI?

A
  • restricted invocation and rationalisation of the economy and kept prices high
35
Q

What was the problem with autarky?

A
  • it was an impossible goal for a country that lacked raw materials and had to import coal and oil
  • products that were being produced would have been cheaper to buy from overseas companies
36
Q

What was the problem with the battle for grain?

A
  • farmers in the south removed their olive trees, citrus fruits and vineyards to make more land for wheat growing
  • major export industries that now Spain took over
37
Q

Why was the battle for births a failure?

A
  • By the 1930s fascist Italy had the highest proportion of married females in employment than any other European country
  • government tried to discourage women from working by lowering their wages but this only encourage employers to hire them
  • Italy’s birth rate continued to decline and marriage rate fell
38
Q
A

The rise and fall of fascist Italy (11 decks)

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