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The rise and fall of fascist Italy > Creation of fascist dictatorship between 1922-26 > Flashcards

Creation of fascist dictatorship between 1922-26 Flashcards

1
Q

In nov 1922 how many fascists deputies were in parliament and how many socialists?

A

35 fascists compared to 123 socialists

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2
Q

Who did mussolini appoint as minister of finance and why?

A

De’Stefani
Helped gain the support of the conservative industrialists who were reassured that the appointment if mussolini would not result in major economic changes

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3
Q

When did mussolini announce that a compromise had been reached between PNF and ANI?

A

28th October 1922

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4
Q

When was the ANI completely absorbed into the fascists and why was this important?

A
  • feb 1923
  • it was important as the ani was a powerful rival and now the png was the only party representing Italian nationalism
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5
Q

Who did mussolini appoint as the minister of work and welfare and what did this achieve?

A
  • Cavazzoni - ppi member
  • cavazzoni encouraged the party to collaborate with mussolini
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6
Q

When did the PPI leader Luigi sturzo resign and why?

A
  • July 1923
  • Felt the party was too absorbed by the fascists
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7
Q

What encourage the Vatican to support the pnf?

A
  • mussolini’s pro-catholic policies
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8
Q

When was mussolini’s maiden speech?

A

16 nov 1922

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9
Q

What did the speech consist of?

A
  • mussolini said he required a year of emergency power in order to carry out any reforms that Italy required
  • warned parliament that he had 300,000 young men ready to take violent action
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10
Q

How many votes did the year of emergency powers receive and what did this mean?

A

305 votes for vs 116 against
- it meant that mussolini could not be removed by parliament and had full power to govern and raise taxes without seeking parliamentary approval

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11
Q

When was the grand fascist council created and what was its role?

A
  • dec 1922
  • discuss key policy and had the same position as the cabinet
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12
Q

why was introducing the fascist grand council important?

A
  • helped mussolini overcome his weak position in the cabinet and under the liberal gov institutions by bypassing them
  • mussolini had the sole ability to appoint its members so had centralised power of the party
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13
Q

When was the MVSN created and why was it important?

A
  • Jan 1923
  • absorbed the squadristi and formalised their role as the paramilitary force whose job it was to support the police and army in defending the fascist rev
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14
Q

Why did mussolini want to bring an end to the fascist violence?

A
  • he felt it was detrimental to continue
  • fascism was now in power and chance for socialist revolution had disappeared continuing the violence would be seen in a negative way
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15
Q

Why did the king, army and liberal elites support the formation of the MVSN?

A
  • Beloved it was better if the blackshirts were under the power of the government and not the leadership of the ras
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16
Q

How many members did the party now have?

A

783,000

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17
Q

What was the acerbo law?

A
  • proposed 2/3 of the parliamentary seats would go to the party who won more than 25% of the votes
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18
Q

Why was the acerbo law put in place?

A

The method of proportional representation did not allow a party to receive a majority

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19
Q

Who opposed the acerbo law and who supported it?

A
  • opposed: PCI and PSI
  • supported: liberal elites like giolitti, the king and Vatican
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20
Q

In which cities were demonstrations held to put to apply pressure for the acerbo law?

A

Tuscany and umbria

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21
Q

When were the general elections held?

A

6 April 1924

22
Q

What was the pnf electoral victory helped by?

A
  • orlando and salandra included themselves on the gov electoral list alongside the fascists
  • pci, psi and ppi and liberals were not able to lead a united front against mussolini
23
Q

What was the electoral turnout for the pnf and how many seats did they win?

A

64%
35–>275

24
Q

Who was Matteotti and what did his speech consist of?

A
  • pci leader
  • asserted that the fascists only won the elections due to the consequence of obscene violence and were determined to establish a dictatorship no matter what the result of the elections
  • said he had amassed file of party corruption that he would make public
25
Q

When was Matteotti kidnapped and his body found?

A
  • 10th June
  • 16th august
26
Q

Who car was matteotti dragged into and who was arrested on the 12th June in relation to the murder?

A
  • rocci - mussolini’s press secretary
  • dumini - head of fascist terror
27
Q

What was the aventine seccession and when was it formed?

A
  • around 100 antifascist deputies left the parliament and formed the aventine secession
  • 13th June
28
Q

Describe the three sides of which mussolini received pressure after the murder of Matteotti?

A
  • old, established elite who were concerned with backing a pm associated with murder
  • psi, pci and other antifascist deputies were calling for the dismissal of mussolini and overthrow the fascist gov
  • pressure from ras who saw the murder as the first step towards a fascist dictatorship
29
Q

What did the creation of the aventine secession prove?

A
  • proved that he had the backing of the pope, the king, the army and business and political elites
30
Q

Describe the weakness of the aventine secession?

A
  • had ideological differences between its members who spanned a vast range from liberalism to communism
  • proved no threat as they couldn’t agree on what to do
31
Q

Who did mussolini had the position of interior and justice ministers to ?

A
  • federzoni –> reassured the old elite
  • rocco
32
Q

In nov 1922 what did mussolini order the pnf to do?

A
  • cease all forms of violence and remove any members who were undisciplined and not willing to follow his directives
33
Q

On 31 dec 1924 what did mussolini have to face by the squads?

A
  • delegation of squad leaders who demanded he act to defend the fascist revolution to they remove him as leader of the pnf
  • two days after salandra declared his opposition to mussolini
34
Q

When did mussolini establish his dictatorship?

A

3rd jan 1925

35
Q

When did mussolini create the new cabinet and who did it consist of?

A

12th jan 1925
no liberals

36
Q

What role did appoint farinacci and when?
–> what did farinacci do ?

A
  • pnf secretary
  • feb 1925
  • purge the party of those radical wh did not accept Mussolini’s political direction
  • farinacci increased the members from 600,000 to 938,000
37
Q

In oct 1925 what did the fascist grand council force the ras to do?

A
  • disband any squads still in existence and enlist in the militia
    –> independence of the ras and squadristi was finished
38
Q

How did mussolini gain the support of the military for the dictatorship?

A
  • increased the pay of the general and officer
  • appointed badoglio as the chief of general staff compared to a radical that the army would fear
39
Q

When was the palazzo vidoni pact announced and what was it?

A
  • 2 oct 1925
  • established the official fascist unions as the only representatives of Italy’s workers taking power away from the socialist and catholic unions
40
Q

When was Tito zindoni arrested and why?
What did it result in?

A

4th august 1925
plotting to assassinate Mussolini
his party psu getting banned

41
Q

What did the new press law say?

A

that all journalism would be supervised and approved by the pnf

42
Q

When did the title of pm change and what did it change to?

A

dec 1925
head of gov and Duce of fascism

43
Q

When was mussolini granted the ability to rule by decree?

A

jan 1926

44
Q

another way mussolini assured his power removed

A

removed the vote of no confidence

45
Q

Why were all political parties banned ?

A

31 oct 1926: assassination attempt on mussolini

46
Q

What was the special tribunal for the defence of the state?

A

prosecution of antifascists who ultimately have no right to appeal

47
Q

How many antifascists left Italy?

A

10,000 –> fled into exile and their Italian citizenship was withdrawn

48
Q

Which position replaced mayors?

A

podesta who were appointed by local prefects who were appointed by mussolini

49
Q

Who had the most powerful position in the Italian regions

A

prefects not ras

50
Q

When was the pnf secretary replaced and by who?

A
  • march 1926
  • turati
51
Q

What did turati when he became pnf secretary say?

A
  • in any conflict between the rad and the prefects the prefects take precedence
  • mussolini was the dictator of both the party and Italy

The rise and fall of fascist Italy (11 decks)

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