Economic Geography

Question 1

economic development and way of development

Answer 1

usually refers to the adoption of new technologies, transition from agriculture-based to industry-based economy, and general improvement in living standards.
eg capitalism

Question 2

Name the stages of Rostow’s Modernisation model of economic development

Answer 2

1. TRADITIONAL SOCIETY :The society is traditional, and the dominant activity is subsistence farming
2. PRECONDITIONS OF TAKEOFF: New leadership moves the country toward greater flexibility, openness, and diversification.
3. TAKEOFF: the country experiences something similar to an Industrial Revolution, and sustained growth takes hold.
4. DRIVE TO MATURITY: Technologies diffuse, industrial specialization occurs, and international trade expands.
5. HIGH MASS CONSUMPTION: high incomes and widespread production of many goods and services.

Question 3

Give an example of one country in each of the following World Systems Theory categories (three different countries in all): core, semi-periphery and periphery.

Answer 3

core: Canada
semi-periphery: Brazil, Mexico, India
periphery: Thailand, Most of Africa, Russia, Nepal

Question 4

How does Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory relate to earlier patterns of colonialism?

Answer 4

Core: processes incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth in the world economy.
• Periphery: processes incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; peripheral processes generate less wealth in the world economy.
• Semi-periphery are places where core and periphery processes are occurring simultaneously—places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery.
Relate to colonialism because colonial countries are more often core and exploit colonies for their resources

Question 5

What is neocolonialism?

Answer 5

a structuralist theory which states that even tho poorer countries are sovereign major world powers continue to control the economies of the poorer countries

Question 6

other measures of development

Answer 6

technology, social welfare (dependency ratio), HDI composite measures

Question 7

NGO and roles

Answer 7

Non governmental org. tries to reduce suffering

Question 8

Name four barriers to development

Answer 8

• social composition
• foreign debt
• political instability
• disease

Question 9

What is the dependency ratio for a country and why is it important?

Answer 9

of dependants that each 100 employed people must support, important for figuring out GNI per capita and in wealth of country, population pyramids, social composition

Question 10

What is dependency theory?

Answer 10

to do with colonialism; certain political/economic relations have created arrangements which limit and control extent which a region can grow, believes colonized countries have little hope for economic prosperity has been challenged

Question 11

Describe one example in a specific country of a government strategy to promote development

Answer 11

• Tourism
• Medical and health campaigns
• Literacy campaigns
• Retraining and higher education incentives

Question 12

8 Millennium Development Goals (UN)

Answer 12

Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger.
Achieve Universal Primary Education.
Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women.
Reduce Child Mortality.
Improve Maternal Health.
Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases.
Ensure Environmental Sustainability.
Develop a Global Partnership for Development.

Question 13

In which sector(s) of the economy do(es) your family work?

Answer 13

Tertiary Quaternary > government public services

Me > Secondary> food processing

Question 14

Define the tertiary sector of economic activity and provide an example of this kind of activity.

Answer 14

• service industries
• connecting manufacturing and industrial processes to consumers and service
• facilitates trade and commerce too

Question 15

How does the distribution of activities amongst the three sectors of the economy allow us to predict Canada’s role (core or periphery) in the World Systems Model (recall Wallerstein) we already studied? How has this role changed through time and why?

Answer 15

Yes because Canada has a higher rate of tertiary activity related to core as usually higher paying 
changed over time:
- aboriginal trading system
- supporting Britain colony
- post WW2 
- 1980's strong service economy

Question 16

Who was EITHER von Thünen OR Weber and why are his ideas still useful today (if they are) ?

Answer 16

Thunen: Primary activity location (agriculture) in 1880s Germany. Written in 1842 The greater the distance to market, the higher the transport costs that have to be added to the cost of producing a crop or commodity.

Alfred Weber’s Model, 1909
This is a least cost theory
Weber stated that the location of manufacturing (secondary activity) is determined by:
1. Minimiselabourand transportation costs
2. Maximize BENEFITS OF AGGLOMERATION— manufacturing plants benefit from close proximity because they share skilled- labour and technological and financial services.
(triangle)

Question 17

Why have innovations in transportation and technology lead to “time-space” compression?

Answer 17

energy and fuels, maximum transport effectiveness at lowest costs

Question 18

Name (and be able to label on a map) the five major industrial areas in the world today. Be able to state the dates they developed in order :

Answer 18

?

Question 19

Define just-in-time manufacturing.

Answer 19

allows companies to keep just what they need for short-term production, and additional parts are shipped in quickly when needed. Made possible by improved transportation/ communication technology

Question 20

Main stages of development of an economy (3)

Answer 20

1. Pre-industrial stage —primary activities
2. Industrial stage —manufacturing economy with an output greater than that of primary sector
3. Post-industrial stage —most of the labour force engaged in tertiary, quaternary, and quinary activities.

Question 21

Where? and Why there? are the major manufacturing regions of the world?

Answer 21

cheap labour access to resources needed

Question 22

example of
primary
secondary
Tertiary

Answer 22

1. Primary activities: agriculture, mining, and lumber, (involve extraction or production of raw materials)
2. Secondary activities: make something from raw materials
   (include such activities as manufacturing cars, the textiles industry and food processing)
3. Tertiary activities: are those service industries connecting the manufacturing and industrial processes to consumers, as well as services that facilitate trade and commerce.

Question 23

example of
tertiary
quaternary
quinary

Answer 23

i. A tertiary sector includes trade, transportation, and warehousing.
ii. Aquaternarysectorincludesindividuals working with the exchange of information or money (banking and investments).
iii. A quinary sector includes individuals involved in research and development or higher education e.g. universities produce knowledge transfer and sell learning as a commodity.

Question 24

way to predict location of tertiary services

Answer 24

GIS