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PART 1A > Economic Geography > Flashcards

Economic Geography Flashcards

1
Q

what does Amin (1994) think is under threat in the West

A
  • centrality of large industrial complexes,
  • blue collar work,
  • full employment,
  • centralised bureaucracies of management,
  • mass markets for cheap standandarised goods
  • welfare state
  • mass political parties
  • centrality of nation state as a unit of organisation
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2
Q

why do people criticise the idea of Post Fordism (Amin, 1994)

A
  • this implies a functionanlist/systemic view of world history - insead they think we should stress change is non path dependent and open
  • criticise ideas of absolute turning points
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3
Q

what does path dependence mean

A

theory in social sciences where past events and decisions constrain later events or decisions

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4
Q

what is a sunrise industry

A

an industry which produces new types of products or services, especially one that is expected to grow quickly

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5
Q

how has society and culture changed in post fordism

A
  • greater fragmentation and pluralism
  • weakening of older collective solidarities and block identities
  • emergence of new identities associated with greater work flexibility
  • maximisation of individual choices through personal consumption
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6
Q

what is political pluralism

A

Philosophy that recognises and affirms diversity within a politial body, permitting the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions and lifestyles

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7
Q

social fragmentation meaning

A

absence of connections between individuals and society

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8
Q

3 theoretical positions at the heart of the post fordist debate

A
  • regulation aproach
  • flexible specialisation approach
  • neo schumpeterian approach
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9
Q

outline the regulation approach

A
  • attemps to explain the dynamics of long term cycles of economic stability and change
  • stagnation of growth in world econ after mid 1970sn amounted to more than a cyclical downturn, but a crisis of the institutional forms
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10
Q

what are the accumulation regime (AR) and mode of accumulation (MR)

A

AR - the ways production, circulation consumption and distribution organise and expand capital in a way that stabilises the econ over time
MR - set of institutional norms, forms of state, policy paradigms and other practices that provide the context for ARs operation

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11
Q

what was fordism

A

a former economic way of producing products for mass production.
it brought forward key socio political and economic strategies in USA and western econs from 1930s to early 1970s

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12
Q

3 principles of fordism

A
  1. deskilling of labour
  2. centralised manager supervision of this labour
  3. located surplus capital from products produced in specific locations to grow more industry
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13
Q

where does the name fordism come from

A

henry ford and his implementation to form the assembly line

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14
Q

within fordism manufacturers built products mainly for who as opposed to who now

A

working-middle wage family, most of the population, rather than specific niches

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15
Q

in fordism we saw agglomeration…what does this mean. give an example

A

we saw all businesses combine their production in one location. in Detroit all stages of car parts were made in the same place. tyre company, engine company etc

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16
Q

Nielsen (1991) 4 contributing factors of the structural crisis of Fordism

A
  • decreased productivity gains due to social and technical limits of Fordism. social limits may include workers resisting rigid and repetitive nature of assembly line.
  • globalisation of economic flows and difficulty in national economic management - trade and capital movements became more interconnected on a global scale, making it more difficult for national authorities to manage econs
  • growing social expenditure and inflationary pressure - greater spending on social programmes like healthcare, education and welfare, which arent as easily produced in the ways of fordism
  • shift in consumption patterns away from standardisation and mass production - new consumer demands are at odds with standaisation as they want more diversedand specific demands
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17
Q

what was taylorism

A
  • form of work organisation aiming to increase productivity and efficiency by applying scientific principles to organisation of work
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18
Q

what does (McDowell 1991) argue has casued an increase in the total workload for women

A

decline of state provision in the sphere of reproduction coupled with women’s growing labour market participation

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19
Q

why is McDowell (2001) disappoined with Tony Blairs governmetn

A

social and income inequalities have widened, continued neoliberal policies of Thatcher.

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20
Q

what happened in the post fordist economy to the difference in the participation of the two genders

A

the gap closed, the % of women in jobs is virtually the same as men

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21
Q

why have womens participation grown so much since fordism

A

continued growth of service sector - more jobs regarded as appropiate for womens skills - wide range of servicing occupations at bottom end of labour market

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22
Q

what has happened to the gender pay gap post fordism

A

has declined.

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23
Q

why did the gender pay gap decline post fordism

A
  • More women going to university, entering sectors like Law and Medicine
  • more men in poorly paid employment
  • minimum wage 1998
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24
Q

how has inequality changed within genders post fordism

A
  • inequality rose from 3.17 to 3.40 amongst men and 2.67 to 3.30 amongst women.
  • class differentiated. 65% of professional women are full time, but only 6% of unskiled women
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25
Q

what was the structural criss of the 1970s (Dumenil and Levy, 2001)

A
  • lasting unfavourable periods of transition between 2 successive phases of capitalism
  • slowdown of technical change, increased macro instability
  • slower accumualtion and lower investment main factors of wave of structural unemployment
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26
Q

what is finance (Duminel and Levy, 2001)

A

framework of institutions, interlocked in a complex network

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27
Q

what does Duminel and Levy (2001) say that neoliberalism is an expression of

A

the reassertion of the power of finance.

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28
Q

why is the rise of real interest rates favourable to lenders

A
  • increases return on loans and investment as reward for borrowing is greater, adjsting for inflation
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29
Q

what does Marx define as loan capital

A

specific type of capital - component of finance capital - aimed at lending monet with expectation of earning interest

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30
Q

what did the great depression do to the social order (Duminel, 2001)

A

introduced a new involvement of the state. - keynesianism. banks under regulation

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31
Q

what was the keynsian compromise

A
  • state should not interfere with relationship between managers and financem and certainly not be substituted for finance
  • state was responsible for ensuring full employment
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32
Q

what was the 1979 coup

A

change of monetary policy targtetting nearnly exclusively price stability giving the return to hegemony of finance.

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33
Q

how much trade was stopped when the evergreen blocked the suez

A

10% of global trade

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33
Q

how did capitalism enter phase of neoliberalism

A

deregulation, direct confrontations with unions, policy favourable of large mergers, new corporate governance targeted to share holders

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34
Q

define globalisation and cite!

A

the stretching and deepening of social relations and institutions across space and time such that, on the one hand, day-to-day activities are increasingly influenced by events happening on the other side of the globe and, on the other hand, the practices and decisions of local groups can have significant global reverberations

(Held, 1995)

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35
Q

what does it mean a world without borders

A

no economic barriers, free flows of capital

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36
Q

what does it mean that the world is now flat

A

Due to developments like containerisation, internet, we can trade without barriers

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37
Q

what did Fukuyama believe

A

that there was an end of history, seen by the collapse of the USSR. liberal democracy is the final ideological evolution of man

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38
Q

3 moments thought to be leading to a globalised world

A
  1. containerisation
  2. fall of the USSR
  3. invention of the WWW
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39
Q

how does David Harvey define space-time compression

A

processes that so revolutionise the objective qualities of space and time that are we forced to alter how we view the world

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40
Q

what does David Harvey use as an example of time space compression

A

the portrayal of time in films has changed, there has been a speeding up of life - like the ability to pick up the phone/email etc

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41
Q

who provides a contrast to David Harveys space time compression ideas

A

Sidney Katz - looked at Sudan, and argues they have had space time EXPANSION

their lives have become longer, have to commute longer. they are still inside globalisation but affected differently

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42
Q
  1. examples of workers blockers global production chains
A

workers in geneoa blocking ships bringing weapons to Israel

Scottish rolls Royce workers refusing to make engines used by the Pinochet regime

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43
Q

why could globalisation be an outdated term?

A

we are now looking beyond the Earth like mining the moon/earth

Anthropocene ? now our interactions are affecting the earth system, not just causal links we view through globalisation

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44
Q

what are David Harveys 2 meanings of neoliberalism

A
  1. a theory of political and economic practices that proses human well being can best be advanced by liberating freedoms through strong private property rights, free markets and free trade.
  2. political economic project that took shape in the 1970s aimed at reestablishing, renewing and expanding the conditions for capital accumulation
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45
Q

what was mercantialsim

A

the precursor to capitalism. competition between states over scarce resources.

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46
Q

what did Adam smith argue was wrong about mercantalism

A

rather than having aggressive competition, which is a 0 sum game
you should let the market allocate resources to make every one richer

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47
Q

outline what was the Mount Pelerin Society

A

founded in 1947

included Frederick Hayek, Milton Friedman, Chicago school

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48
Q

what is the welfare state

A

set of infrastructures and institutions that are supported by the state in order to protect the lives and development of its citizens

49
Q

what do neoliberalism call the welfare state and why

A

the nanny state

it curtails individual freedom of those who could flourish, and means less wealth is generated

50
Q

what is the trickle down effect

A

under neoliberalism, wealth will be generated by some and this will trickle down to others, benefitting all

51
Q

outline the chilean coup

A

the democratically elected socialist president Salvatore Allende was deposed and killed by the Military coup. the leader was Pinochet and he was backed by the CIA
Pinochet pledged to oppose the socialist reforms Allende pledged, instead opening markets to US mineral companies.

52
Q

what changed in the Fed Reserve in 1979

A

raised interest to any level to curb inflation rather than unemployment
emblematic of the market becoming independent of govt

53
Q

when thatcher and Reagan elected?

A

1979, 1980

54
Q

why is the state actually strong under neoliberalism

A

in order to support a free market, a strong state is needed to reform and police it

strong military, defence, policy and legal structures to secure private property and guarantee markets

55
Q

how did thatcher view society

A

no such thing, only men women and families

56
Q

why did thatcher take on the unions

A

unions were blackmailing the accumulation of capital

57
Q

why did thatcher privatise council houses

A

housing is not a human right, it needs to be earnt. to be a successful market subject, you want to protect the things you own and you want to own more things. this makes more competition

58
Q

what does Sasha Sassen call the privatisation of Russia

A

a savage sorting of winners and losing

59
Q

what is the EBRD

A

European bank for reconstruction and development

founded to support eastern bloc countries

60
Q

3 ways literature will view fordism

A
  1. era - end of WWII to mid 1970s
  2. socio economic system - reorganisation of production that revolutionised industry
  3. broader system - capitalism and social relationships structured in a particular way
61
Q

why ought we talk of fordismS - plural

A

the way this political economy takes place, the industrial organisation, state and worker representation differs spatially

ie Japan was different to UK, different to USA

62
Q

summarise gramscis theories that we saw after WWII

A

fordism will generate big firms, big states and big unions

63
Q

fordism was a socioeconomic system characterised by:
5 points

A

mass production

highly structured labour relations(unions)

mass consumption

oligopoly power (2,3 firms dominating sectors)

state regulation

64
Q

outline what was taylorism

A

named after Frederick Taylor, who was brought in to for time and motion studies

scientific management where each task was broken down to its most fundamental notions. deskilling of workers

hierarchical control, with all work floor knowledge entered to management

65
Q

what happened to fords skilled workforce

A

Left due to the monotony of work and replaced with low skilled workers

66
Q

what was the ford whisper

A

developed by workers to whisper over the machinery, as talking was not allowed

67
Q

outline why working at ford was so stressful

A

assembly line pace was increased through the 1920s

no talking allowed on the line

constant surveillance, spies and informants

adversarial relations

68
Q

outline how profit sharing worked at ford

A

1914, allowed to earn up to $5

workers were paid enough they could aspire to buy the car yourself

69
Q

what is social reproduction

A

the ways in which a worker renews themselves, production of next generation (children), leisure and relaxing

70
Q

how were workers social reproduction being monitored

A

fords sociological department laid out how productive workers should behave in their social lives, like diets, drinking, houses

71
Q

what did the ford service squad do

A

was a 3000 member goon squad, would beat on union organisers

largest private quasi military

72
Q

by the 1950s, workers in Ford were unionised and commanded a good wage…what did this mean

A

they could consume industrial products on a mass scale

73
Q

How is race tied to fordism in Detroit

A

assembly line meant low skill
this saw high amounts of Eastern Europeans (1920s) and blacks (1940s)

racial riots to protest blacks

white population moved to the suburbs, and the black population moved in.

74
Q

outline the 5 stages of the virtuous cycle of fordism

A

increased production
>
unions
>
increased wages
>
welfare state and state demand
>
increased demand

75
Q

what is the virtuos cycle also known as

A

Wages led demand

76
Q

what was the role of gender in fordism (McDowell)

A
  • stable working classed needed a nuclear family, women’s domestic labour due to Keynesian spending
  • are in the labour market less than me /lower paid/part time
  • often led/forced to leave work after having children
    *
77
Q

outline the geographies of fordism at a local scale

A

local - communities grow up around an industry/factory. their norms and social reproduction are based around it

78
Q

outline the geographies of fordism at a national scale

A

early forest production was concentrated in industrial regions
eg. US autos in Detroit and Midwest, Steel in Pittsburg

UK - West Midlands autos, aerospace and engineering
Wales and NE England for coal

79
Q

outline the geographies of fordism at an inter national scale

A

from the 1960s, beginnings of off shore production where firms start tom move production overseas to new markets and less expensive countries

80
Q

outlined the weakening of fordism in the 1970s

A

changing patterns of trade and investment - increased imports from new international competition

falling productivity

growing unemployment > falling demands

rigidity - strength when stable, but liability when in period of flux

staggflation

81
Q

what is staglation

A

inflation and unemployment at the same time

82
Q

outline the early deindustrialisation of fordism

A
  • wave of bankruptcies, mergers, plant closures,
  • rapid deindustrialisation - over 1 million manufacturing jobs lost 1966-73
83
Q

list the fordist industries lost in the UK 1967-76

A

ship building
metal mfg
mech engineering
textiles

84
Q

list the uK sectors which grew as fordism was declining and their impact

A

motor vehicle
aerospace
electrical eng

off putted the decline, but they did happen in different places

85
Q

how were firms restructured as fordism ended

A

internal organisations - getting rid of middle managers

rise of subcontracting rather than making the whole process

relocating to periphery of Europe/Southern US, but then to middle income countries like China and Mexico

86
Q

what did % employed in manufacturing change from 1970-90 in Rustbelt

A

50%-37%

87
Q

how many mfg jobs were lost in West Midlands 1978-81

A

151,00

88
Q

what was the change in steel employment in Sheffield
1971-1888

A

80,000 to 12,000

89
Q

how did the virtuous cycle break down

A

higher Unemployment meant less demand

demand went abroad to new competitors, meaning capital left the system

90
Q

what happened to compensation against productivity since 1960

A

1960s and 1970s, productivity grow steadily but at the same rate

but since 1970s productivity has shot up and wages have not risen and the same rate - gap has risen

91
Q

what did It mean to distinguishing your self from the jones

A

rather than people trying to keep up with the jones and buy the same things (fordist)

now people were having different spending patterns and trying to be different

92
Q

what shocks contributed to decline of fordism

A

OPEC oil crisis

foreign competition

breakdown of mass markets

creative destruction

93
Q

outline how the breakdown of mass markets contributed to fordisms decline

A

increase in non standard consumption, less homogenised goods of mediocre quality

commodities are now cultural lifestyle markers

product differentiation and market fragmentation occur at the same time

94
Q

outline th concept of creative destruction

A

older tech cannot create new growth

this means new tech spreads through the system

95
Q

outline what is crisis theory

A
  • developed by French theorists, the economy undergoes periodic points of crisis
  • periodic over accumulation, then a crisis that devalues this - boom and bust
  • this leads to a major restructuring in the labour process and state itself
  • David Harvey says this leads to a new round of space time compression
96
Q

explain the ideas of regime of accumulation and mode of regulation

A

regime of accumulation is the form of production, accumulation and consumption

modes of regulation are the rules which coordinate the system

97
Q

give examples of regimes of accumulation and modes of regulation

A

regimes = fordism, post fordmism

modes - Keynesian, thachterism

98
Q

the stages of regulation theory leading to crisis

A

regime of accumulation undergoes crisis
>
mode of regulation cannot support it anymore
>
different policies and strategies
>
new mode of regulation
>
new regime of accumulation

99
Q

outline post fordism as a production system

A

more flexible production - small inventories, flexible labour,
outsourcing
subconstraction

100
Q

what changes were made to economy in postfordism

A

more complex and fragmented economy

vertical disintegration
rise of services

new round of time/space compression

101
Q

what is vertical disintegration

A

when a company that used to do everything by itself, like making a product from start to finish, starts to rely on other companies to help with different parts of the process.

102
Q

what was the great moderation

A

period of decreased macro volatility from the mid 1980s to 2007

low inflation and positive economic growth

103
Q

what are 3 possible causes of the great moderation according to ben bernanke - the fed chairman

A
  1. structural change in the economy
  2. improved Econ policies
  3. good luck
104
Q

what structural changes in the economy could have caused the great moderation

A
  • widespread use of computers to enable more accurate business decision making
  • advances in financial system
  • deregulation
  • economy shift toward services
  • increased openness to trade
105
Q

how the the great moderation end

A

crashing halt in financial crisis and great recession

imbalances in the economy that had built for years and even decades by the Fed’s easy money policies came to a head

Us housing market collapsed,

106
Q

what did NICE stand for in the UK

A

non inflationary continuos expansion

107
Q

outline what NICE was like

A

period of growth above trend, unemployment fell steadily, inflation remains low and stable

108
Q

why did mainstream economists think the great moderation/NICE was less risk prone?

A

because financial risk has Been spread across institutions and around the world.

109
Q

how did the type of competition change in post fordism

A

moved to based on innovation - minimising competition by continuously creating new products (temporary monopolies to charge a high price)

110
Q

how did the bottom end of the labour market change post fordism

A

contingent, precarious, unstable, risky, poorly paid, increased insecurity

111
Q

what does the bifurcated economy mean

A

the economy splits, with low end firms forming to service high end firms

112
Q

why don’t firms compress the wages of top earners anymore

A

they want to compete and attract and keep valuable performers

113
Q

what is the example of Fords successor

A

walmart

114
Q

outline what is walmartism

A
  • Walmart is the best example of poor treatment of retail staff
  • high levels of scrutiny by managers constantly assigning tasks
  • competition solely on price
  • spatial fix
115
Q

what is spatial fix in the view of David Harvey

A

capitalism deals with its own problems by constantly seeking out new spaces and places to invest and expand. So, when capitalism faces issues like overproduction or declining profits in one area, it “fixes” those problems by moving capital (like money, factories, or investments) to new locations where it can make more profit

116
Q

3 powers of TNCs

A
  1. global production networks can coordinate individual production chains
  2. actively take advantage of geographical differences in the distribution of labour and in state policies
  3. potential geographic flexibility - an ability to switch and reswitch its operations between locations
117
Q

how has the state been restructured since fordism

A
  1. minimising redistribution - welfare benefits gradually more conditional
  2. privatising state
  3. deregulating
118
Q

what was the state of fordism in the great moderation

A

as a production system - still going but moved abroad in many forms

but dead as a broader system of political economy

119
Q

why did debts grow in the great moderation

A

workers on the mid to low end had to use debt to fund their increasing consumption due to stagnating wages

120
Q

the key points of Taylorism. list them!

A
  • time and motion studies of workers’ movements
  • piece rate payment system paying workers more who produced more units
  • standardisation of tools and equipment to ensure uniformity and efficiency
  • specialisation and division of labour
  • hierarchy and clear lines of authority
  • training and selective hiring
  • separation of planning and doing between managers and workers
  • economic efficiency as a primary goal
121
Q
A

PART 1A (9 decks)

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