Economic Change Flashcards
What is primary industry?
working with natural resources
e.g. farming mining
What is secondary industry?
manufacturing products
e.g. construction, car manufacture
What is tertiary industry?
providing services
e.g. shops, cinema, banks
Why has the primary sector declined in the UK?
Mechanisation - fewer workers are needed when machinery is used e.g. tractors, excavators
Cheaper Imports
Social Change - jobs are considered dirty, hard-working and low pay with little chance of promotion
Depletion of resources - raw materials have been used with most left being harder and more expensive to extract
Why has the secondary sector declined in the UK?
Mechanisation - Swindon Honda Factory robots paint cars
Globalisation and Imports - Cheaper production overseas due to lower paid workers, less government regulations (don’t have to pay more to reduce environment impacts), alongside modern communications and transportation
Government Policies - the development of the tertiary industry is more valuable,
Case Study on secondary sector growth - China - Reasons for growth
cheap workforce (40p per hour)
increase in literacy rate at 96% in 2011
increase in private owned companies from 100 in 1979 to 280,000 in 1998
available natural resources (coal)
few government regulations allowing cheaper production
Case Study on secondary sector growth - China - Effects of growth
globally responsible for 50% clothes, 68% shoes, 50% microwave ovens, 33% mobile phones
GNP per capita grew from $816 in 1995 to $5200 in 2011
more jobs are available
air, noise and visual pollution (90% of the underground water in urban areas is polluted), 760,000 people yearly died from water and air pollution related illnesses
Why has the tertiary industry grown in the UK?
rise in demand due to greater disposable income, money the average household spent on non-essentials doubled from 1987 to 2006, in 2000 4 million fitness centre members, in 2012 6 million.
new technologies, more employed in telecommunication and computing, mobile phones sales, call centres employees rose from 350,000 in 2000 to 950,000 in 2008
decreasing in primary and secondary industry
demographic changes, average age for having a child risen to 29, approximately 35% are over 50
What are the factors affecting primary industry location?
China Clay - Cornwall - location of raw material (kaolin is only found in the south-west of England), market (demand for kaolin by Josiah Wedgewood for production of porcelain), transport (train links, ships)
What are the factors affecting secondary industry location?
Toyota Car factory at Burnaston, near Derby - land (price and other factors (slope)), area (near workers (Findern)), transport (on the junction with A50 and A38), tradition (skilled workers in the area due to past jobs)
What are the factors affecting tertiary industry location?
David Lloyd Health Club, Hatfield - demand (large housing estate (Salisbury village), location (near many other large firms (O2) + competitors), transport/accessibility (near junctions 3 and 4 of A1 and is within walking distance of a university)
What are the benefits and costs of deindustrialisation?
South Wales (coal mining) - In 1966 landslide occurred from coal waste heap after rainfall killing 144 people (116 children) at a school, but the land is now used for agriculture and leisure with visitors unaware of industrial past
Reading (extraction of sand and gravel) - left many water filled quarries, many lost jobs, but Copthorne Hotel was built and Green Park (science park) employs 7000
Eden Project, Cornwall (extraction of kaolin (china clay) left many pits, when quarries closed many lost jobs, but the pit is now a tourist attraction with two enormous pods (plants, climate) and employs 500 staff and employs around 3000 more in restaurant, hotels and suppliers of products and has contributed £1b to the Cornish economy
