Economic and social developments under Alexander 2&3 Flashcards

1
Q

what years did Mikhail von Reuteuern serve as finance minister?

A

1862- 1878

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2
Q

What economic reforms were introduced under Von reutuern?

A
  • Tax farming was abolished -> slightly improved peasant prospects
  • Created a banking system –> stimulate economic growth, (peasants could save)
  • encouraged Foreign investment with the promise of annual dividends.
  • -> To boost domestic industry
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3
Q

What were the negatives of Von reutuerns economic refroms?

A

-Transport and labour Mobility (due to emancipation)? was still limited.
=> Goods couldn’t travel round the country quickly

-The Russian Rouble was very unstable

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4
Q

Why was industrialisation driven largely by the state?

A

-Absence of an entrepreneurial middle class

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5
Q

What were the negatives with state promoted industrial growth?( State promoted growth started at the same time under Von Reutern)

A
  • Import duties were reduced (promote import)
  • -> At the expense of domestic industry
  • increase in indirect taxation crippled peasantry
  • > hampered development of consumer goods.Knock on effect also hampered development of middle class
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6
Q

When did Vsyshengradsky serve as finance minister?

A

1887-1892

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7
Q

What were Vsyshenagradsky’s economic policies?

A
  • Import Tariffs (30%) => Boost domestic production
  • Increase grain exports by forcing peasants to sell grain to state.
  • Loans from abroad
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8
Q

What were the effects of Vsyshenagradsky’s economic policies?

A
  • Grain exports increased (by 18%) 1881-1891
  • peasants suffered from heavy taxation
  • Famine( 1891-92) => killed 350,000 people. Not helped by grain req.
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9
Q

What developments were there to Agriculture?

A

-Change in agricultural practices- since peasants had too little land to be productive.

-New class of enterprising peasants (Kulaks) - buy and sell land.Also employed poorer peasants to work land.
=> Scales of farming. Allowed for new machinery
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10
Q

How did the role of Landowners change?

A

-many sold land to pay debts

-1/3 of all land nobles moved into the cities
=>Many converted to industrial means of business.=>Stimulating economy

(Effect of emancipation?)

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11
Q

How did the Middle classes develop?

A

Middle class was growing (due to industrialisation)+ increase in professionals. (Due to more educational opportunities)

-

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12
Q

How did the urban workforce develop?

A
  • 1875: urban workforce still only 2%
  • Grew and 20% women by 1885
  • Working conditions and pay were shocking.3/4 wages spent on food.
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13
Q

How did legislation develop?

A
  • 1885: Night time employment of women and children was banned
  • 1886: Contracts for workers
  • 1892: banned under 21 and women from mines
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