Economic And Social Developements Flashcards
von Reuten
minister of finance from 1862-78
Von reutens economic reforms
-designed to boost economy and drive industrial growth.
-Tax farming abolished (rights to buy rights to taxes.)
-more indirect taxation.
-Banks and a state bank extended and established.
-Government subsidies given to entrepreneurs particularly on the railway.
-Cotton industry and mining supported by the gov.
Impact of Von reutens economic reform
- encouraged entreprise and industrialisation
- there was a growth rate at 6% during von Reuters’s term.
New industry developing
-oil extraction set up in the caspain sea port of Baku in 71
-Ironworks set up a year later.
-The Nobel brothers set up an extraction company in 1879.
Negatives of Von Reuben’s economic reforms
-the governments increase in indirect taxation meant that despite it being 66% of gov revenue it kept the peasantry poor and the market small.
-Tariffs had been reduced too low.
-1/3 of gov expenditure was going to debt repayment.
-They stayed economically pretty weak compared to the west.
Vyshnegradskys reforms
-began in 87.
-he put tariffs of 30% on raw materials, increased indirect taxes and swelled grain imports.
Positives of vyshnegradskys reforms
-increased grain imports by nearly 20%.
-Put Russian budget in surplus and secured successful loans from the french
Negatives of vshnegradskys reforms
-peasants had to pay taxes and had their grain seized by the state.
-Lead DIRECTLY to the famine killing hundreds of thousands.
Vyshnegradskys
Minister for finance 87-92
Whitte reforms
-continued vyshnegradskys reforms of taxation, tariffs and forced exports.
-He sought many foreign loas of investment which he put into mining, oil and metal trades.
-He had foreign workers to advise and oversee the railway networks development.
-By 1897 Russia had the fourth most industrialised economy.
Argricultural change post emancipation edict (first decade)
-there was no funcimental change.
-Each peasant got about 4 hectares with which there was high taxes and redemption payments
- very traditional methods of farming enstricted by the mir.
Peasent land banks
-set up in 1885 to assist peasants in acquiring more land and loans but these often only increased debt.
Argricultural change 70-90
-the kulkak class worked with vshnegradskys demands for grain exportation and so production increased.
-However this all halted with the famine
Landed elite in this era
- many sold out of being landowners
-they predominately retained their wealth and status.
-Many became university professors, 700 became business owners in Moscow by the 80s and some 2500 were emoloyed in industry, the zemstva and the provincial governorships.
Middle class
-grew through demand for bankers, doctors and teachers.
-Others took jobs in entrepreneurship such as factories and building railways.
Urban working class
-only consisted of about 2% if the population.
-Some would migrate to cities temporary in busy seasons whilst others gained a passport and left the mir.
-About 1/3 of st Petersburg inhabitants by thee end of the century were peasent.
Life as a proletariat
-payments very ungenerous and conditions were often grim.
-33 strikes by the end of the decade by the proletariat.
Reforms for the proletariat
-child labour regulation
-working hours regulated
-payment in kind (goods or accommodation),
-inspectors to check on living conditions.
Kulaks
-most wealth of the landed presently.
-Often acted as pawn brokers for the poorer, buying their grain over the winter and selling it back more expensively in the spring.
-They accepted payment in land and were known for buying up large amounts.
Poor landed peasents
-very small amounts or even no land.
-Very low wages and food and morality rates at under 30 for both genders.
-They were potentially worse affected by the emancipation and the economic changes.
Cultural influence of the church over peasents
-each peasant hut had an orthodox icon.
-They worshiped the word of the village priest, who would not just indoctrinate religiously but read decrees, root opposition and keep the state informed of any suspicious activity.
-They coud even pass on confessions given in the holy sacrament, betraying the trust of their parishioners.
Power of the church under government of AIII
-church put in charge of primary schools education.
-Church courts could judge any crimes based on morality.
-They had strict censorship controls.
Church under russification
-it was an offense to publish criticism or convert away- punishable by movement to Siberia.
-37k luterhians and about 50k Muslims and pagans were converted in a forced mass baptism.
