Economic And Social Developements

Question 1

von Reuten

Answer 1

minister of finance from 1862-78

Question 2

Von reutens economic reforms

Answer 2

-designed to boost economy and drive industrial growth.
-Tax farming abolished (rights to buy rights to taxes.)
-more indirect taxation.
-Banks and a state bank extended and established.
-Government subsidies given to entrepreneurs particularly on the railway.
-Cotton industry and mining supported by the gov.

Question 3

Impact of Von reutens economic reform

Answer 3

• encouraged entreprise and industrialisation
• there was a growth rate at 6% during von Reuters’s term.

Question 4

New industry developing

Answer 4

-oil extraction set up in the caspain sea port of Baku in 71
-Ironworks set up a year later.
-The Nobel brothers set up an extraction company in 1879.

Question 5

Negatives of Von Reuben’s economic reforms

Answer 5

-the governments increase in indirect taxation meant that despite it being 66% of gov revenue it kept the peasantry poor and the market small.
-Tariffs had been reduced too low.
-1/3 of gov expenditure was going to debt repayment.
-They stayed economically pretty weak compared to the west.

Question 6

Vyshnegradskys reforms

Answer 6

-began in 87.
-he put tariffs of 30% on raw materials, increased indirect taxes and swelled grain imports.

Question 7

Positives of vyshnegradskys reforms

Answer 7

-increased grain imports by nearly 20%.
-Put Russian budget in surplus and secured successful loans from the french

Question 8

Negatives of vshnegradskys reforms

Answer 8

-peasants had to pay taxes and had their grain seized by the state.
-Lead DIRECTLY to the famine killing hundreds of thousands.

Question 9

Vyshnegradskys

Answer 9

Minister for finance 87-92

Question 10

Whitte reforms

Answer 10

-continued vyshnegradskys reforms of taxation, tariffs and forced exports.
-He sought many foreign loas of investment which he put into mining, oil and metal trades.
-He had foreign workers to advise and oversee the railway networks development.
-By 1897 Russia had the fourth most industrialised economy.

Question 11

Argricultural change post emancipation edict (first decade)

Answer 11

-there was no funcimental change.
-Each peasant got about 4 hectares with which there was high taxes and redemption payments
- very traditional methods of farming enstricted by the mir.

Question 12

Peasent land banks

Answer 12

-set up in 1885 to assist peasants in acquiring more land and loans but these often only increased debt.

Question 13

Argricultural change 70-90

Answer 13

-the kulkak class worked with vshnegradskys demands for grain exportation and so production increased.
-However this all halted with the famine

Question 14

Landed elite in this era

Answer 14

• many sold out of being landowners
  -they predominately retained their wealth and status.
  -Many became university professors, 700 became business owners in Moscow by the 80s and some 2500 were emoloyed in industry, the zemstva and the provincial governorships.

Question 15

Middle class

Answer 15

-grew through demand for bankers, doctors and teachers.
-Others took jobs in entrepreneurship such as factories and building railways.

Question 16

Urban working class

Answer 16

-only consisted of about 2% if the population.
-Some would migrate to cities temporary in busy seasons whilst others gained a passport and left the mir.
-About 1/3 of st Petersburg inhabitants by thee end of the century were peasent.

Question 17

Life as a proletariat

Answer 17

-payments very ungenerous and conditions were often grim.
-33 strikes by the end of the decade by the proletariat.

Question 18

Reforms for the proletariat

Answer 18

-child labour regulation
-working hours regulated
-payment in kind (goods or accommodation),
-inspectors to check on living conditions.

Question 19

Kulaks

Answer 19

-most wealth of the landed presently.
-Often acted as pawn brokers for the poorer, buying their grain over the winter and selling it back more expensively in the spring.
-They accepted payment in land and were known for buying up large amounts.

Question 20

Poor landed peasents

Answer 20

-very small amounts or even no land.
-Very low wages and food and morality rates at under 30 for both genders.
-They were potentially worse affected by the emancipation and the economic changes.

Question 21

Cultural influence of the church over peasents

Answer 21

-each peasant hut had an orthodox icon.
-They worshiped the word of the village priest, who would not just indoctrinate religiously but read decrees, root opposition and keep the state informed of any suspicious activity.
-They coud even pass on confessions given in the holy sacrament, betraying the trust of their parishioners.

Question 22

Power of the church under government of AIII

Answer 22

-church put in charge of primary schools education.
-Church courts could judge any crimes based on morality.
-They had strict censorship controls.

Question 23

Church under russification

Answer 23

-it was an offense to publish criticism or convert away- punishable by movement to Siberia.
-37k luterhians and about 50k Muslims and pagans were converted in a forced mass baptism.