Economic And Social Change In The Industrial Revolution - Robert

Question 1

Who invented the steam engine and when?

Answer 1

James Watt invented it in 1769

Question 2

What resource did the steam engine use?

Answer 2

It used coal to heat water to produce steam

Question 3

What was the steam engine used for? Why?

Answer 3

as a motor to run different kinds of machines such as
-pump water out of coal mines
-run steam hammers
-run looms and spinning machines
-drive locomotives
It’s power is stronger, faster and steadier than water, wind, animal and human power

Question 4

Why was coal so important and what was the consequence of this?

Answer 4

It was used to power machines, heat houses and melt iron, because of this, the industrial revolution began in areas around mineral deposits

Question 5

Why did Great Britain switch from charcoal to coal and who did this affect the production of iron?

Answer 5

Charcoal was used first to smelt iron ore it it produced low quality iron. Great Britain decided to switch to coal instead since it produced higher quality iron because it could burn at a higher temperature.

Question 6

What industry developed off of adding carbon from coal to iron ore? Why was it used instead? What was it used for?

Answer 6

The steel industry developed. It was much harder than iron and it was used to make machines and parts.

Question 7

What were the two main for the cause in development and machinery in Great Britain?

Answer 7

1) significant capital (money) which allowed for investments

2) new wags of running economy

Question 8

What 2 things allowed Great Britain to have virtually unlimited access to raw materials needed for production?

Answer 8

Great Britain’s massive merchant navy and its control of several colonies allowed Great Britain to have virtually unlimited access to raw materials needed for production

Question 9

How was Great Britain able to supply the world with textiles?

Answer 9

Raw materials such as cotton and dyes from the colonies, combined with the mechanization of the textile industry allowed Great Britain to supply the world with textiles.

Question 10

How did Great Britain grow their capital and what was the consequence of this?

Answer 10

Great Britain made huge profits from exporting goods such as textiles. Landowners also made huge profits off of purchasing and enclosing land. This meant that Great Britain had a large capital to expand its industries with and further grow its capital.

Question 11

Who developed the theory of Economic Liberalism and what did it pose? What would happen if a country were to became wealthy during the industrial revolution?

Answer 11

Adam Smith developed the theory of Economic Liberalism. It posed that a nation’s wealth should be measured by how much a society could produce goods and its capacity for production. He said that if a country was to become wealthy, it had to become a free market which meant that only business owners get to decide on what they trade & produce and the nation can’t interfere.

Question 12

What did Europeans rely on before Economic Liberalism?

Answer 12

Europeans relied on the system if mercantilism, which posited that a country was worth the amount of gold and silver they had in their coffers.

Question 13

Why did urban development increase?

Answer 13

Because of an increase in production and capital

Question 14

What helped develop the factory model?

Answer 14

Machines were all built in the same place since they were expensive.

Question 15

What did large numbers of people moving to work in factories affect the development of urban cities?

Answer 15

Urban cities were built around the factories

Question 16

How did people avoid the expanse of transporting raw minerals into cities for smelting?

Answer 16

New cities were built around the mines

Question 17

What was the consequence of having these cities built next to the mines? Why was this possible?

Answer 17

These cities were severely polluted by the smog emitting smoke stacks and the dumping of toxic chemicals. There were no environmental or safety regulations required to run a mine.

Question 18

What means of transportation were constructed to move people and raw materials and where were they constructed?

Answer 18

Networks of canals, roads and railroads were developed between cities and the countryside

Question 19

What happened to transportation after the canals, roads and railroads were developed?

Answer 19

Transportation became more convenient and efficient

Question 20

What did industrialization provide for rich landowners and entrepreneurs?

Answer 20

It provided landowners and entrepreneurs with enormous profits.

Question 21

What happened to artisans because of the development of mechanization? How did they react?

Answer 21

Mechanization took away jobs from artisans since there was no need for individuals who make simple product by hand. Some artisans were angry so they torched and looted factories

Question 22

How were the working conditions and wages of people who worked in factories and what was a consequence of this?

Answer 22

Working conditions were horrible and wages were minimal. In order to survive, every member of a family had to work

Question 23

What two of people worked in the textile industry?

Answer 23

Entire work forces were made up of children as young as five or six years old.

Question 24

How long did working hours last?

Answer 24

13-14 hours, 6 days a week, 12 months a year

Question 25

Why were workers often injured and what happened if they were injured or sick?

Answer 25

Workers were often injured because there was no social protection or services. The injured or sick were fired

Question 26

Why children used in factories and mines?

Answer 26

Children were used in factories to fix large machinery because of their small hands. They were also used in mines to crawl into narrow mine shafts because of their small bodies.

Question 27

Who were often targeted for working in factories, mines and chimney sweeps and why?

Answer 27

Orphans were targeted because of their lack of parental protection, leaving them to work at a factory or mine

Question 28

How did the increase in population affect the living conditions of the people?

Answer 28

Cities had not been built to accommodate so many workers and so living conditions were horrible.

Question 29

Describe the living conditions of the workers.

Answer 29

People were crowded into houses with no running water or sewage. Most cities lacked firefighters, police, schools and hospitals.

Question 30

What was the consequence of these horrible living conditions?

Answer 30

Living in cramped, unsanitary conditions led to the spreading of diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis.

Question 31

What was the life expectancy under the horrible living conditions?

Answer 31

It was very short. One in every four children died before reaching the age of five.

Question 32

What did bourgeoisie entrepreneurs, investors and industrialists heave and control?

Answer 32

They held most of the capital and controlled most of the factories, mines and railways

Question 33

What did the emerging upper middle class (bourgeoisie entrepreneurs, investors and industrialists) profit off of?

Answer 33

The labour of thousands of workers

Question 34

Who made up the Industrial bourgeoisie class?

Answer 34

Entrepreneurs, factory owners, bankers and merchants

Question 35

Who made up the petty bourgeoisie class?

Answer 35

Lawyers, civil servants, journalists, doctors, engineers and skilled workers

Question 36

Who made up the working class?

Answer 36

Factory workers

Question 37

Who dominated society in the 19th century and what did they value? What did they do that was unique?

Answer 37

The Industrial Bourgeois dominated society in the 19th century. They valued education and were careful about how much they spent. This class was the only one to benefit from economic growth.

Question 38

What were the benefits of the workers? (5 examples)

Answer 38

• Working conditions were dangerous and dirty. People could be killed or injured by machines (factories and mines)
• No recreation time was allowed, people worked 6 days a week
• Whole family had to work
• Children couldn’t go to school
• Could barely afford food, could not afford the goods they were making

Question 39

What were the benefits of the owners? (5 examples)

Answer 39

• Worked in safe clean office
• Had recreation time, travel time, could afford leisure and education
• Wives and children did not have to work
• Children went to school, including university
• Could afford to buy lots of food and goods made by workers

Question 40

What did socialism pose?

Answer 40

Socialism posed that there were two classes of people: the rich, who controlled everything and the poor, who were unable to escape the cycle of poverty

Question 41

Who was Karl Marx and what did he identify with?

Answer 41

Karl Marx was a Russian political philosopher and one of the main socialist thinkers. He identified with a branch of socialism called communism.

Question 42

What did Karl Marx believe?

Answer 42

He believed that die society to succeed in equality, we need to eliminate the concept of classes and that workers must revolt to seize power.

Question 43

How did workers take action against industrialists?

Answer 43

Workers realized that an effective way to take action was to strike

Question 44

Why did workers join forces and make demands for rights?

Answer 44

To improve their working conditions

Question 45

What did factory owners do in the first few years if unionization and what happened when this failed?

Answer 45

In the first few years if unionization, factory owners tried to make striking illegal. Strikes were held anyway and the army was often called to deal with the strikers often by force and violence.

Question 46

Who did newly immersing unions work with and why?

Answer 46

The newly emerging unions began to work closely with members of socialist political parties to improve working conditions

Question 47

What did social democrats believe and how could they achieve this?

Answer 47

Social democrats believe that working conditions could be improved by developing more democratic negotiations with factory owners and political leaders

Question 48

What did social democratic parties succeed in doing?

Answer 48

Social democratic parties and unions succeeded in securing significant gains for workers and greater respect for workers’ rights