Economic Activity & Energy Flashcards
What are the four sectors of employment?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
What is the primary sector + examples?
- The sector which consists of extracting raw materials or cultivating raw materials above ground
- Examples include: agriculture, fishing, mining and logging
What is the secondary sector + examples?
- The sector which consists of processing raw materials into manufactured goods and products
- Examples include: Food processing, oil refining, clothing making, coal power plants
What is the tertiary sector + examples?
- The sector which consists of selling or providing physical services, skills or goods to customers or the public
- Examples include: Healthcare, education, shopping malls, transport, entertainment, finance
What is the quaternary sector + examples?
- The sector which consist of providing information services, or research and development
- Examples include: Computing, business consultancy, scientific research
What does the Clark-Fisher model look like in the three stages?
- Pre industrial: Primary is highest but falling, secondary and tertiary are low but rising, with secondary slightly higher than tertiary
- Industrial: Secondary is highest but the growth is slowing, primary and tertiary and the same, but primary is falling and tertiary is rising
- Post industrial: Tertiary is highest and increasing, secondary is falling, primary is low and still falling, quaternary is starting to increase
What are the factors which instigate changes in employment structures?
- Availability of raw resources
- Mechanisation
- Globalisation (outsourcing, importing/exporting)
- Goverment policies
- Demographic changes
Why does the Clark Fisher Model change how it does (apart from the factors above)?
- Countries develop, so have a higher GDP meaning they can afford to have more advanced industries
- As they develop, people become more educated so can work in more advanced industries
What are the key location factors?
- Power supply
- Transport and communications
- Labour supply and education
- Access to market (consumers)
- Locational grants and financial incentives
- Raw materials
What is agglomeration?
- When a number of companies in the same industry group together in the same area to benefit from local skill pools, consumers and more, as well as to benefit eachother by providing supply links etc.
- For example, in Silicon Valley, Apple needs chips to make computers, National Semiconductor makes chips and McAffee produces antiviruses for the computers made by Apple - they are all in the same area so can communicate well
What are footloose industries?
- Footloose industries and industries which area not dependent on factors which will tie them to a specific geographical location
- For example, a call center for tech support
What are the location factors for Silicon Valley?
- An extensive freeway network, connecting companies to airports, eachother as well as to the city of San Francisco where workers can live
- Stanford university which provides high value workers
- Nearby recreation spaces which attracts high value workers (big basin redwood park)
- Many airports nearby for the transport of high value works
What were the positive impacts of industrialisation in China?
- Improved incomes and higher standard of living for citizens due to reduced unemployment
- More governmental investment in things like education, healthcare, roads and other infrastructure as increased production means increased tax
What were the negative impacts of industrialisation in China?
- Increased wealth inequality as some areas developed while other were left behind
- Slums and homelessness in cities due to large scale rural-urban migration
- Dramatic increase in air, water and noise pollution
- More carbon dioxide release
What were the positive impacts of deindustrialisation in the UK?
- Decreased levels of pollution
- The UK has developed expertise in the tertiary sector worldwide in areas of science for example
- Improved working conditions
What are the negative impacts of deindustrialisation in the UK?
- Unemployment caused by loss of jobs
- Decreased wealth caused by unemployment can cause local businesses to shut down due to a lack of customers
- People find it hard to shift to tertiary as there are few transferable skills between the sectors
What are the causes of informal employment?
- Largescale rural to urban migration causes surplus labour which causes unemployment, therefore people must find work outside the regular job sector
- People lack qualifications for formal work
- People want to enjoy the benefits of the informal sector (covered in another card)
People might work in the informal sector and the formal sector if their job in the formal sector is low paying
What are the general characteristics of the informal sector?
- Unregulated
- Unofficial
- No fixed location
- Paid in cash
- Primarily in the tertiary sector
What are the advantages of the informal sector?
- Flexible working hours
- Tax free
- No qualifications needed
- Can take holidays at will
- No overarching payments like rent
- You are free to move your business locations
- No reliance on the availibility of jobs in the formal sector
What are the disadvantages of the informal sector?
- Unregulated so no minimum wage and health and safety regulations
- No guaranteed income as you can be spontaneously fired
- No benefits such as healthcare
- No holiday or sick pay
- Exploitation and discrimination from employers and no legal protection against it
What is the definition of carrying capacity?
The maximum number of a species (e.g humans) that an environment can sustainably support
What did Thomas Malthus say about the balance between population and resources?
- Thomas Malthus holds a pessimistic view
- He believes that population is increasing faster than food supply
- It will reach a point when there is not enough food to sustain the population
- At this point a “malthusian” disaster will occur such as famine or war which will increase deathrate - this is known as a positive check
- In this way the balance is maintained
Preventative checks are things which decrease the birth rate
Was Thomas Malthus right?
His theory is somewhat correct but the reason it has not always turned out the way he proposed is because he neglected the idea that new technological advancements aiding food production are a possibility
