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Edexcel IGCSE Geography > Economic Activity & Energy > Flashcards

Economic Activity & Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four sectors of employment?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
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2
Q

What is the primary sector + examples?

A
  • The sector which consists of extracting raw materials or cultivating raw materials above ground
  • Examples include: agriculture, fishing, mining and logging
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3
Q

What is the secondary sector + examples?

A
  • The sector which consists of processing raw materials into manufactured goods and products
  • Examples include: Food processing, oil refining, clothing making, coal power plants
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4
Q

What is the tertiary sector + examples?

A
  • The sector which consists of selling or providing physical services, skills or goods to customers or the public
  • Examples include: Healthcare, education, shopping malls, transport, entertainment, finance
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5
Q

What is the quaternary sector + examples?

A
  • The sector which consist of providing information services, or research and development
  • Examples include: Computing, business consultancy, scientific research
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6
Q

What does the Clark-Fisher model look like in the three stages?

A
  • Pre industrial: Primary is highest but falling, secondary and tertiary are low but rising, with secondary slightly higher than tertiary
  • Industrial: Secondary is highest but the growth is slowing, primary and tertiary and the same, but primary is falling and tertiary is rising
  • Post industrial: Tertiary is highest and increasing, secondary is falling, primary is low and still falling, quaternary is starting to increase
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7
Q

What are the factors which instigate changes in employment structures?

A
  • Availability of raw resources
  • Mechanisation
  • Globalisation (outsourcing, importing/exporting)
  • Goverment policies
  • Demographic changes
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8
Q

Why does the Clark Fisher Model change how it does (apart from the factors above)?

A
  • Countries develop, so have a higher GDP meaning they can afford to have more advanced industries
  • As they develop, people become more educated so can work in more advanced industries
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9
Q

What are the key location factors?

A
  • Power supply
  • Transport and communications
  • Labour supply and education
  • Access to market (consumers)
  • Locational grants and financial incentives
  • Raw materials
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10
Q

What is agglomeration?

A
  • When a number of companies in the same industry group together in the same area to benefit from local skill pools, consumers and more, as well as to benefit eachother by providing supply links etc.
  • For example, in Silicon Valley, Apple needs chips to make computers, National Semiconductor makes chips and McAffee produces antiviruses for the computers made by Apple - they are all in the same area so can communicate well
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11
Q

What are footloose industries?

A
  • Footloose industries and industries which area not dependent on factors which will tie them to a specific geographical location
  • For example, a call center for tech support
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12
Q

What are the location factors for Silicon Valley?

A
  • An extensive freeway network, connecting companies to airports, eachother as well as to the city of San Francisco where workers can live
  • Stanford university which provides high value workers
  • Nearby recreation spaces which attracts high value workers (big basin redwood park)
  • Many airports nearby for the transport of high value works
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13
Q

What were the positive impacts of industrialisation in China?

A
  • Improved incomes and higher standard of living for citizens due to reduced unemployment
  • More governmental investment in things like education, healthcare, roads and other infrastructure as increased production means increased tax
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14
Q

What were the negative impacts of industrialisation in China?

A
  • Increased wealth inequality as some areas developed while other were left behind
  • Slums and homelessness in cities due to large scale rural-urban migration
  • Dramatic increase in air, water and noise pollution
  • More carbon dioxide release
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15
Q

What were the positive impacts of deindustrialisation in the UK?

A
  • Decreased levels of pollution
  • The UK has developed expertise in the tertiary sector worldwide in areas of science for example
  • Improved working conditions
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16
Q

What are the negative impacts of deindustrialisation in the UK?

A
  • Unemployment caused by loss of jobs
  • Decreased wealth caused by unemployment can cause local businesses to shut down due to a lack of customers
  • People find it hard to shift to tertiary as there are few transferable skills between the sectors
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17
Q

What are the causes of informal employment?

A
  • Largescale rural to urban migration causes surplus labour which causes unemployment, therefore people must find work outside the regular job sector
  • People lack qualifications for formal work
  • People want to enjoy the benefits of the informal sector (covered in another card)

People might work in the informal sector and the formal sector if their job in the formal sector is low paying

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18
Q

What are the general characteristics of the informal sector?

A
  • Unregulated
  • Unofficial
  • No fixed location
  • Paid in cash
  • Primarily in the tertiary sector
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19
Q

What are the advantages of the informal sector?

A
  • Flexible working hours
  • Tax free
  • No qualifications needed
  • Can take holidays at will
  • No overarching payments like rent
  • You are free to move your business locations
  • No reliance on the availibility of jobs in the formal sector
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20
Q

What are the disadvantages of the informal sector?

A
  • Unregulated so no minimum wage and health and safety regulations
  • No guaranteed income as you can be spontaneously fired
  • No benefits such as healthcare
  • No holiday or sick pay
  • Exploitation and discrimination from employers and no legal protection against it
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21
Q

What is the definition of carrying capacity?

A

The maximum number of a species (e.g humans) that an environment can sustainably support

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22
Q

What did Thomas Malthus say about the balance between population and resources?

A
  • Thomas Malthus holds a pessimistic view
  • He believes that population is increasing faster than food supply
  • It will reach a point when there is not enough food to sustain the population
  • At this point a “malthusian” disaster will occur such as famine or war which will increase deathrate - this is known as a positive check
  • In this way the balance is maintained

Preventative checks are things which decrease the birth rate

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23
Q

Was Thomas Malthus right?

A

His theory is somewhat correct but the reason it has not always turned out the way he proposed is because he neglected the idea that new technological advancements aiding food production are a possibility

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24
Q

What did Esther Boserup say about the balance between population and resources?

A
  • Esther Boserup holds an optimistic view
  • She argued that population growth and demand for food will stimulate new technological advancements which will allow food supply to keep up with demand
  • These advancements would allow food and other resources to be produced efficiently and renewably
25
Q

Was Esther Boserup right?

A
  • She was mostly correct as many new agricultural technologies have been invented which have helped to balance out the supply chain
  • However, there have sometimes been situations where the food demand exceeds the supply and famine can ensue
26
Q

What is the definition of energy gap?

A

The difference between a country’s energy demand and its ability to supply it with its own resources

27
Q

What is the definition of energy mix?

A

The range of energy sources of a region or country, both renewable and non-renewable

28
Q

What is the definition of energy security?

A

The guaranteed supply of electricity at an affordable price to a country/region

29
Q

What are the factors which contribute to an increase in energy demand?

A
  • Population growth
  • Increased wealth - People buy more appliances and devices and use more energy intensive services
  • Development - Advancements in agriculture, industry and transport require energy intensive technologies
30
Q

What are non-renewable energy sources?

A

Energy sources which rely on finite resources

31
Q

What are renewable energy sources?

A

Renewable energy sources which rely on infinite resources

32
Q

What are the advantages of non-renewable energy?

A
  • Non-renewables can produce electricity fast and in large quantities at short notice
  • Inexpensive
  • Current world infrastructure is set up forn on-renewable energy
  • They are not dependant on geographical features can be built near to consumers
33
Q

What are the disadvantages of non-renewable energy?

A
  • Release harmful greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming
  • Rely on resources which will eventually run out
34
Q

What are the advantages of renewable energy?

A
  • Do not release greenhouse gases
  • Run on infinite resources
  • Cheap running cost once set up
35
Q

What are the disadvantages of renewable energy?

A
  • Expensive set up cost
  • Inefficient
  • Rely on specific geographical features
  • Requires electricity to be transported to place of consumption
  • Some installments can impede on nature and be visually displeasing
36
Q

What are the advantages of hydroelectric power stations?

A
  • No greenhouse gas emissions
  • Controls flooding downstream
  • Provides water storage for irrigation and domestic use
37
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydroelectric power stations?

A
  • Large areas of land behind the dam are flooded
  • Dam traps sediment which affects ecosystems downstream
  • Prevents fish movement upstream
  • Expensive to build
  • Visually unattractive
38
Q

What are the advantages of tidal/wave power stations?

A
  • No greenhouse gas emissions
  • Reliable and predictable
  • Can be efficient once set up
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of tidal/wave power stations?

A
  • Expensive to build and maintain
  • Can affect marine ecosystems
  • Few suitable locations
40
Q

What are the advantages of wind power?

A
  • No greenhouse gas emissions
  • Can be run on a small or large scale
  • Cheap to run
  • Can be built offshore or on land
41
Q

What are the disadvantages of wind power?

A
  • Unreliable as wind speeds fluxuate
  • Visual and noise pollution
  • Inefficient and only produce low amounts of power
  • Affects bird migrations
42
Q

What are the advantages of solar power?

A
  • No greenhouse gas emissions
  • Can be used on a small or a large scale
  • Cheap to run
  • Can be incorporated into building design
43
Q

What are the disadvantages of solar power?

A
  • Do not work at night
  • Expensive to build
  • Produce relatively little electricity
44
Q

What are the advantages of geothermal energy?

A
  • No greenhouse gas emissions
  • Reliable
  • Can produce large amounts of electricity
45
Q

What are the disadvantages of geothermal energy?

A
  • Expensive to set up
  • Emits toxic sulfuric gases
  • Maintainence is hard
46
Q

What are the advantages of biomass energy?

A
  • Carbon neutral as what is burnt has been grown
  • Widely available
47
Q

What are the disadvantages of biomass energy?

A
  • If what is cut down was not grown for the pupose of being cut down, it is carbon positive
  • General air pollution
48
Q

What are the advantages of nuclear energy?

A
  • No greenhouse gas emissions
  • Efficient and can produce large quantities of electricity
  • Little uranium is needed
49
Q

What are the disadvantages of nuclear energy?

A
  • Nuclear waste is radioactive and expensive to get rid of
  • Power stations are expensive to build
  • Risk of nuclear accidents which pose health issues such as cancer for long periods of time in the are
50
Q

How can people reduce energy usage at a domestic level?

Education, efficiency and conservation

A
  • Use meters to make people aware of their energy use
  • Install insulation and double glazing to prevent heat loss
  • Exchange filament bulbs for LEDS
  • Install solar panels
  • Avoid long showers
  • Turn off lights and devices when not in use
51
Q

How can industries reduce their energy usage?

Education, efficiency and conservation

A
  • Government incentives and awareness to be green
  • Cleaner production using fewer resources
  • Better service to extend the lifespan of products
  • Collect end of life products and recycle
  • Reduce distribution mileage
52
Q

How can people reduce their energy usage in transport?

A
  • Attractive routes to encourage bikes and pedestrians
  • Encouragement to buy electric cars such as plentiful charging stations
  • Car pooling
  • Electric public transport such as trams, trains and buses
  • Plan cities to reduce car distance travelled
53
Q

What is carbon footprint and what is ecological footprint?

A
  • Carbon footprint is the amount of carbon produced as a result of a person/people’s actions
  • Ecological footprint is the amount of natural/biological resources used as a result of a person/people’s actions
54
Q

What is the main energy source in Nepal and why?

A

Fuelwood because they have a relatively low GDP per capita

However it results in deforestation

55
Q

Why is it hard for Nepal to supply its energy needs?

A
  • Landlocked
  • No fossil fuel reserves
  • Importation is expensive
  • Little sunlight
56
Q

What are Nepal doing to manage their energy supply?

A
  • Small scale hydroelectric projects
  • Wind power
  • These are good projects because of their high levels of relief

Sometimes it is too windy and knocks over the wind turbines

57
Q

What features does the UK have which may influence its energy mix?

A
  • Coastline
  • High GDP (per capita)
  • Relief (in the north)
58
Q

What is the UK doing to manage its energy sources in a sustainable way?

A

Replacing fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas with renewables such as wind and solar

Edexcel IGCSE Geography (6 decks)

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