Economic Activity and Energy

Question 1

Sectoral shift

Answer 1

The gradual change from an economy based on primary sectors, to one based on secondary to an economy based on tertiary and quaternary industry.

Question 2

Transnational company (TNC)

Answer 2

A business which operates on a global scale in multiple countries

Question 3

Energy gap

Answer 3

The difference between the demand for energy, and the supply of it. The gap is made worse by the phasing out of fossil fuel use.

Question 4

Time-space compression

Answer 4

Faster connections for goods/information made possible through tech and transport

Question 5

Deindustrialization

Answer 5

The loss of a manufacturing base in a region/country. Manufacturing often moves to areas where labour and land costs are cheaper.

Question 6

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Answer 6

The total value of the output of all economic activity in a nation, including goods and services.

Question 7

Global shift

Answer 7

the movement of manufacturing from HICs to cheaper production locations in LICs

Question 8

Decentralisation

Answer 8

When industries and people relocate outwards from the urban centre.

Question 9

CBD

Answer 9

The centre of the city where retail and office activities are clustered

Question 10

Cycle of Poverty

Answer 10

Barriers that cause poor families to become trapped in poverty for generations

Question 11

A country with a dominant primary sector

Answer 11

Ethiopia

Question 12

A country with a dominant secondary sector

Answer 12

China

Question 13

A country with a dominant tertiary sector

Answer 13

UK

Question 14

Specific examples of Developed Countries

Answer 14

i.e Sweden, Germany, U.K, New Zealand

Question 15

Specific examples of Emerging Countries

Answer 15

i.e Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, China, India

Question 16

Specific examples of Developing Countries

Answer 16

Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Bangladesh

Question 17

energy surplus

Answer 17

When a country or region has more than enough sources of power for its needs and is able to export its excess power to other countries

Question 18

energy deficit

Answer 18

When a country or region does not have enough energy resources for its needs and has to import it from other countries

Question 19

Energy security

Answer 19

a country’s ability to secure all its energy needs

Question 20

Malthus’s Theory of population vs resources

Answer 20

population will grow too fast and food supply won’t catch up

Question 21

Boserup’s Theory of population vs resources

Answer 21

population increase will cause humans to ‘invent’ their way out of the problem - i.e come up with new ways to stimulate food production

Question 22

Club of Rome theory on population vs resources

Answer 22

there are ‘limits to growth’ - population and overall development of countries (i.e GDP) will decline in next 100 years if continue at current rates of growth - i.e unless more sustainable approach taken

Question 23

Benefits of Informal sector

Answer 23

• Provide employment for poorest people
• create cheap services for people who might not be able to afford them (i.e rickshaws = informal = cheap transport)

Question 24

Negatives of Informal sector

Answer 24

• No regular income - can fluctuate
• No healthcare or employment benefits (i.e pensions).
• Often unsafe working conditions.

Question 25

Developing city with high % in informal sector

Answer 25

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Question 26

Cause of growing informal sector in developing cities

Answer 26

Rural-urban migration = too many people for number of formal jobs = underemployment / low wages = people forced to find alternatives to making money

Question 27

tertiarization

Answer 27

A shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary sector.

Question 28

Political factor for changes in sector employment

Answer 28

Governments investing in certain sectors (i.e UK investing in quaternary sector e.g agri-technology investment)

Question 29

Technological factor for changes in sector employment

Answer 29

• Mechanization can lead to reduced need for labour (in agriculture or secondary)
• Containerization = easier to ship goods around the world = can move to areas with cheaper labour

Question 30

Containerization

Answer 30

The transporting of goods in standard-sized shipping containers.

Question 31

How has growth of internet caused growth in service sector?

Answer 31

New services connected to it - i.e broadband providers, website designers

Question 32

Friction of distance

Answer 32

idea that it is more difficult to travel longer distances; the greater the distance, the greater the difficulty (‘friction)

Question 33

What reduces ‘friction of distance’

Answer 33

Improvements in technology - i.e mobile phones / internet but also transport (aeroplanes, container ships)

Question 34

Employment structure

Answer 34

how the workforce is divided up between the three main employment sectors - primary, secondary, and tertiary