Economic Activity and Energy Flashcards
Sectoral shift
The gradual change from an economy based on primary sectors, to one based on secondary to an economy based on tertiary and quaternary industry.
Transnational company (TNC)
A business which operates on a global scale in multiple countries
Energy gap
The difference between the demand for energy, and the supply of it. The gap is made worse by the phasing out of fossil fuel use.
Time-space compression
Faster connections for goods/information made possible through tech and transport
Deindustrialization
The loss of a manufacturing base in a region/country. Manufacturing often moves to areas where labour and land costs are cheaper.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The total value of the output of all economic activity in a nation, including goods and services.
Global shift
the movement of manufacturing from HICs to cheaper production locations in LICs
Decentralisation
When industries and people relocate outwards from the urban centre.
CBD
The centre of the city where retail and office activities are clustered
Cycle of Poverty
Barriers that cause poor families to become trapped in poverty for generations
A country with a dominant primary sector
Ethiopia
A country with a dominant secondary sector
China
A country with a dominant tertiary sector
UK
Specific examples of Developed Countries
i.e Sweden, Germany, U.K, New Zealand
Specific examples of Emerging Countries
i.e Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, China, India
Specific examples of Developing Countries
Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Bangladesh
energy surplus
When a country or region has more than enough sources of power for its needs and is able to export its excess power to other countries
energy deficit
When a country or region does not have enough energy resources for its needs and has to import it from other countries
Energy security
a country’s ability to secure all its energy needs
Malthus’s Theory of population vs resources
population will grow too fast and food supply won’t catch up
Boserup’s Theory of population vs resources
population increase will cause humans to ‘invent’ their way out of the problem - i.e come up with new ways to stimulate food production
Club of Rome theory on population vs resources
there are ‘limits to growth’ - population and overall development of countries (i.e GDP) will decline in next 100 years if continue at current rates of growth - i.e unless more sustainable approach taken
Benefits of Informal sector
- Provide employment for poorest people
- create cheap services for people who might not be able to afford them (i.e rickshaws = informal = cheap transport)
Negatives of Informal sector
- No regular income - can fluctuate
- No healthcare or employment benefits (i.e pensions).
- Often unsafe working conditions.
Developing city with high % in informal sector
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Cause of growing informal sector in developing cities
Rural-urban migration = too many people for number of formal jobs = underemployment / low wages = people forced to find alternatives to making money
tertiarization
A shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary sector.
Political factor for changes in sector employment
Governments investing in certain sectors (i.e UK investing in quaternary sector e.g agri-technology investment)
Technological factor for changes in sector employment
- Mechanization can lead to reduced need for labour (in agriculture or secondary)
- Containerization = easier to ship goods around the world = can move to areas with cheaper labour
Containerization
The transporting of goods in standard-sized shipping containers.
How has growth of internet caused growth in service sector?
New services connected to it - i.e broadband providers, website designers
Friction of distance
idea that it is more difficult to travel longer distances; the greater the distance, the greater the difficulty (‘friction)
What reduces ‘friction of distance’
Improvements in technology - i.e mobile phones / internet but also transport (aeroplanes, container ships)
Employment structure
how the workforce is divided up between the three main employment sectors - primary, secondary, and tertiary
