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Biology Keystone Preparation > Ecology Unit > Flashcards

Ecology Unit Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a heterotroph? Give another name used for heterotroph.

A

An organism that obtains energy from food it consumes . Also called consumers

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2
Q

What is an autotroph? Give another name used for an autotroph.

A

An organism that can capture energy from sunlight or other chemicals and use it to produce their own food from inorganic compounds. Also called producers

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3
Q

What is the scientific study of life?

A

Biology

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4
Q

The total surroundings of an organism or a group of organisms.

A

Environment

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5
Q

A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographical area and reproducing.

A

Population

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6
Q

What level are you studying if you are observing only stink bugs in Monroeville PA

A

Population level

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7
Q

What is a producer?

A

Organism that uses a primary energy source(sun or chemicals) to make food for themselves

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8
Q

What two processes can producers use to make their own food?

A

Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

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9
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?Give examples of photosynthesizers.

A

6CO2 + 6H2O yields C6H12O6 + 6O2(sunlight is needed to occur) Examples are plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

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10
Q

What is chemosynthesis? Give an example

A

Organism uses chemicals to create their own food. Example is sulfur bacteria

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11
Q

What is the lowest taxonomic level of biological classification consisting of organisms that are so similar that they can reproduce and make fertile offspring

A

Species

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12
Q

What is terrestrial?

A

A term that describes an organism that is associated with a land environment

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13
Q

What is aquatic?

A

A term that describes an organism associated with a water environment

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14
Q

What is an abiotic factor? Give 4 examples of abiotic factors

A

Any nonliving factor in an ecosystem Examples are atmospheric gases, minerals, sunlight, and water

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15
Q

The artificial cultivation of food, fiber, and other goods by the systematic growing and harvesting of various organisms

A

Agriculture

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16
Q

What is biochemical conversion?

A

The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels

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17
Q

What are Biogeochemical cycles? Give some examples.

A

Movement of abiotic factors between the living and nonliving components within ecosystems. AKA nutient cycles Examples are water cycle, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, phosphorous cycle

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18
Q

What organisms play a major role in both the nitrogen and carbon cycles?

A

decomposers like fungi and bacteria

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19
Q

How does carbon go from the air into living things in the carbon cycle?

A

Photosynthesis by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

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20
Q

What is a large area or geographical region with distinct plant and animal groups adapted to that environment?

A

Biome

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21
Q

What is the zone of life on Earth, total of all ecosystems on Earth?

A

Biosphere

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22
Q

What is a biotic factor? Give an example.

A

Any living thing in an ecosystem Examples: humans, deer, dogs, cats, sharks, sponges

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23
Q

What are different populations of organisms acting in a shared environment?

A

Community

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24
Q

What level would you be studying if you were studying all living things in Mellon pond?

A

Community level

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25
Q

What is competition? What do organisms compete for?

A

When individuals or groups of organisms fight for similar resources necessary for life. Examples are competing for territory, mates, water, and food

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26
Q

What is a consumer?

A

Any organism that obtains their energy by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

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27
Q

What consumers eat only meats?

A

Carnivores

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28
Q

What consumers eat only plants?

A

Herbivores

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29
Q

What consumers will eat both meat and plants?

A

Omnivores

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30
Q

What organisms will eat dead organism’s remains?

A

Decomposers

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31
Q

Name two types of decomposers.

A

Bacteria and Fungi

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32
Q

What consumers eat detritus?

A

detritivores

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33
Q

What is the study of the relationships between organisms and their interactions with their environment?

A

Ecology

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34
Q

What is a group a many different living things and their non-living components of their environment?

A

Ecosystem

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35
Q

What level are you studying if you look at all living things and the air and land in a particular rainforest?

A

Ecosystem level

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36
Q

A species that is found in its originating location and is generally restricted to that geographic area

A

Endemic species

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37
Q

What is a process in which energy changes from one form to another form while some of the energy is lost to the environment?

A

Energy transformation

38
Q

What is a simplified path that illustrates the passing of potential chemical energy(food) from one organism to another?

A

Food chain

39
Q

What is an area that provides an organism with its basic needs for survival?

A

Habitat

40
Q

What is a chemical or physicalfactor that limits the existence, growth, abundance, or distribution of an individual organism or a population

A

Limiting factors

41
Q

What 3 things can affect the density(number) of a poipulation?

A

Number of births, number of deaths, immigration or emigration

42
Q

What is it called when a species is completely gone from the Earth?

A

extinction

43
Q

What does sterile mean?

A

Unable to make offspring

44
Q

What does fertile mean?

A

Able to produce offspring

45
Q

What is a density dependnet limiting factor in an environment ? Give examples

A

This causes limitation due to the number of organisms that are present in the population Ex: competition for resources, predation, disease

46
Q

What is a density-independent limiting factor? Give examples

A

This causes limitations that are NOT due to the # in the population…so it will happen whether there are 2 organisms or 2000 organisms Ex: weather, natural disasters

47
Q

What is a non-native species?

A

A species that has been placed in a new geographical area due to deliberate or accidental human activity

48
Q

What is primary succession?

A

When a new ecosystem occurs over time where no ecosystem had been before Starts with lichens breaking up rock….called pioneer species

49
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

When a fire or some other destruction of an ecosystem occurs and then the ecosystem returns over time

50
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A relationship between two organisms that live closely together

51
Q

What is mutualism?

A

When both organisms benefit in a relationship

52
Q

What is parasitism?

A

When one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed

53
Q

What is commensalism?

A

When one organism benefits and the other organism is neither harmed or helped

54
Q

What is the position of an organism in relation to the flow of energy and inorganic nutrients through an ecosystrem

A

Trophic level

55
Q

What is a complex arrangement of interrelated food chains illustrating the flow of energy between interdependent organisms?

A

Food web

56
Q

What relationship is it when a bee spreads poillen for the plant and the plant provides nectar for the bee?

A

Mutualism

57
Q

What kind of relationship is it when a tape worm lives in a human and gains nutrients form the human while making the human sick?

A

Parasitism

58
Q

A model that illustrates the energy produced at multiple trophic levels in a given ecosystem.

A

Energy pyramid

59
Q

What is it called when individuals only mate within their specific habitat and nowhere else?

A

ecological isolation

60
Q

What is it called when organisms can’t mate because they are active during different times of the day, or seasons, or mating periods?

A

temporal isolation

61
Q

What is it called when there are no sexual cues between repesentatives of the species?

A

behavioral isoaltion

62
Q

What is it called when their is no sperm transfer possible during an attempted mating?

A

mechanical isolation

63
Q

What kind of relationship is it when a barnacle lives on a whale and gains food from it swimming through the water, but the whale is neither harmed nor helped by the barnacle?

A

commensalism

64
Q

What kind of growth is shown on a graph that illustrates a population slowly increasing due to no predation, no disease and unlimited resources.

A

Exponential growth

65
Q

What is the study of energy flow (energy transformations) into and within living systems?

A

Bioenergetics

66
Q
A
67
Q

What is lost as it flows though an ecosystem

A

Energy

68
Q

What organism is a pioneer species that begins primary succession of an ecosystem?

A

Lichen …which is consists of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner growing together in a symbiotic relationship. The lichen breaks up rock to create soil.

69
Q
A
70
Q

How much energy is lost at each trophic level of an energy pyramid for an ecosystem?

A

10%

71
Q

What nutrient (that we learned about) does not occur in the atmosphere as a gas?

A

Phosphorous

72
Q

If a disease strikes the snake population in the ecological pyramid shown below, what will be the initial effect on the populations of hawks and rabbits?

A

Rabbit population would increase and the hawk population would decrease

73
Q

What type of relationship is shown in the graph below? What does the solid line represent? What does the dotted line represent?

A

Predator and prey relationship

Solid line is prey

Dotted line is predator

74
Q

What kind of growth is shown on the graph below? What conditions allow for this kind of growth?

A

Exponential growth …unlimited resources(such as food, water, habitat) no predation and no disease allow for this kind of population growth

75
Q

What kind of growth is shown on the graph below? Explain what is occurring in this fur seal population.

A

Logistic growth

From 1900 to 1940 the seal population grew because of unlimited resources

but in 1940 the seal population reached its carrying capacity which is the maximum amount of organisms that the environment can support

76
Q

What processes occur to move carbon from the air and into living things in the carbon cycle?

A

Photosynthesis into plants and then feeding from plants to consumers

77
Q

What process occurs to release carbon from living things and back into the air in the carbon cycle?

A

Cell respiration

78
Q

What process moves carbon from dead organisms back into the air or soil?

A

decomposition

79
Q

What process removes nitrogen from the air and places it into the soil? What organism does this process?

A

nitrogen fixation

bacteria

80
Q

What process removes nitrogen from the soil and puts it back into the air?

A

denitrification

81
Q

What process of the water cycle allows water to move from the soil into the air?

A

evaporation

82
Q

What process of the water cycle occurs when water falls from the clouds as rain, sleet, or snow?

A

precipitation

83
Q

What process of the water cycle changes water vapor into liquid?

A

condensation

84
Q

What is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems?

A

Sunlight

85
Q

Only _____________________of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for the___________________, and the rest is eliminated as heat.

A

10%

cellular processes for life

86
Q

A biotic or abiotic resource in the environment that causes population size to decrease is a ….

A

limiting factor

87
Q

Look at the food chain above…..compared to the osprey, the perch has________________more energy available?

A

100 X MORE ENERGY AVAILABLE

88
Q

Fill in the trophic levels for the energy pyramid shown

A

Level 1 (blue) is primary producers

Level 2 (green) is primary consumer

Level 3 (pink) secondary consumers

Level 4 (purple) tertiary consumers

Level 5 (yellow) quaternary consumers

89
Q

What gets recycled as it moves in an ecosystem?

A

matter

90
Q

What is the specific area or role / function that an organism or species has in its ecosystem

A

niche

Biology Keystone Preparation (5 decks)

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