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Biology Keystone Preparation > Biochemistry Unit > Flashcards

Biochemistry Unit Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are monomers?

A

units that combine to form polymers(macromolecules)

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2
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

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3
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose)

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5
Q

What are the monomers of lipids?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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6
Q

What process occurs to build a polymer(macromolecule)?

A

dehydration synthesis (water is releases during the process)

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7
Q

What process occurs to break apart a polymer?

A

hydrolysis (water is needed for this to occur)

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8
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

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9
Q

What is the property of water demonstrated when water stickd to a different substance?

A

adhesion

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10
Q

What is the property of water demonstrated when water froms droplets because it sticks to itself?

A

cohesion

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11
Q

What property of water allows water to travel up the stem of a plant against gravity?

A

capillary action (adhesion and cohesion together allow this to occur)

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12
Q

What property allows water to be cohesive?

A

water is polar …called polarity…because oxygen portion has a negative charge and the hydrogen portion has a positive charge

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13
Q

What is polarity?

A

oxygen portion has a negative charge and the hydrogen portion has a positive charge

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14
Q

What kind of bond forms between 2 water molecules allowing cohesion to occur?

A

hydrogen bond…which is an attraction of opposite charges (positive hydrogen on one water molecule is being attrated to other water molecules negative oxygen)

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15
Q

What is the universal solvent and why?

A

Water…because it is polar and can dissolve many molecules

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16
Q

What are the three monosaccharides?

A

glucose, galactose, and fructose

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17
Q

What do animals store their polysaccharides as? Where do animals store thispolysaccharide?

A

animals store many many glucose molecules joined together to form a molecule called glycogen ….glycogen is then stored in the skeletal muscle and liver until it needs to be released into the blood stream

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18
Q

What are the two plant polysaccharides?

A

starch(what we consumers eat) and cellulose(component of paper and plant cell walls)

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19
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates for living things?

A

energy and make up cell wall in plant cells

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20
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids for living things?

A

store, transmit hereditary information …….DNA has the codes to make proteins

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21
Q

What are the functions of lipids for living things?

A

insulation, waterproof barrier, makes up major part of the cell membrane, stored energy, steroids hormones

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22
Q

What are the functions of proteins for living things?

A

enzymes (like catalase), protein hormones(like insulin), storage, transport (like hemoglobin), structural (like collagen, elastin, keratin), defensive (like antibodies), channels in cell membrane (like sodium potassium pump or ATP synthase), contractile (like actin and myosin)

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23
Q

A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

A

enzyme

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24
Q

catalyst

A

an enzyme that speeds up a chemical reaction

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25
Q

Are enzymes changed when they catalyze a reaction?

A

no…when they are done they can immediately catalyze another reaction

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26
Q

Do enzymes have specificity? Explain

A

yes…this means that one kind of enzyme can only speed up one kind of reaction Ex: catalase can only speed up the break down of hydrogen peroxide

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27
Q

What happens to an enzyme if the temperature or pH of the enzyme’s environment is drastically changed?

A

The enzyme is denatured….which means that the enzyme loses its proper shape…and can no longer perform its function

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28
Q

smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical and physical properties of that element

A

atom

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29
Q

Name the four macromolecules

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

30
Q

macromolecule that contains a ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogens: 1 oxygen

A

Carboyhdrate

31
Q

The smallest particle of a substance that retains chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical forces

A

Molecule

32
Q

What macromolecule is composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphate?

A

nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

33
Q

What element does an organic molecule contain?

A

organic molecules contain the element carbon

34
Q

The measure of heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval.

A

specific heat

35
Q

Does water have a high or low specific heat?

A

High specific heat

36
Q

How does our body regulate the pH levels in our blood?

A

Uses buffers …which are either acid or bases used to take the pH level to normal

37
Q

What is the measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution?

A

pH

38
Q

pH of 0 to 6 is considered to be….

A

an acid

39
Q

pH of 7 is considered to be….

A

neutral

40
Q

pH of 8-14 is considered to be…..

A

a base

41
Q

What property of water is demonstrated by a water spider floating on top of the water in a pond?

A

surface tension created by the cohesion of water moleucles

42
Q

What element CAN NOT be in an inorganic molecule?

A

carbon

43
Q

A substance that is not disolved in water but separated into tiny pieces. Give an example.

A

suspension (think of Italian salad dressing)

44
Q

A mixture of ions dispersed in water evenly …dissolved. Give an example.

A

solution (think of sugar water)

45
Q

A(n) ________________________is an atom that has a lost or gained an electron.

A

ion

46
Q

A change in the number of neutrons in an atom is called an

A

isotope

47
Q

A(n)_____________________bond joins one water molecule to another water molecule.

A

hydrogen bond

48
Q

What macromolecule is insoluble in water?

A

lipid

49
Q

A(n) ________________________bond is when an atom transfers electron(s) to another atom.

A

ionic bond

50
Q

.A(n)______________________________bond is when electrons are shared between two atoms.

A

covalent bond

51
Q

The _________________________are the reactants that enter the enzymes active site.

A

substrates

52
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

53
Q

What reactions absorb energy and cannot occur spontaneously?

A

endothermic reactions

54
Q

What is the unhealthy fat for your diet?

A

saturated fat because it does not have any double carbon bonds and therefore stacks in your arteries easily

55
Q

What are the types of chemical bonds from the weakest to the strongest?

A

van der wals….hydrogen bond….ionic bond……covalent bond

56
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

enzymes lower the activation energy (energy needed to bring molecules together) They accomplish this by their shape…the substrates fit into the active site of the enzyme bringing the substrates in the correct orientation to either join or split apart. Otherwise it takes longer because the substrates would have to bounce around until they are in the correct orientation to join or break apart(Called lock and key fit)

57
Q

Most wines have a pH of 2.8 and bananas have a pH of 4.5 …Which is a stronger acid?

A

wines

58
Q

_________________________and ________________________are the two subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom.

A

protons(positive charge) and neutrons (no charge)

59
Q

What subatomic particle has a negative charge and is found in the orbitals of an atom?

A

electrons

60
Q

What macromolecule is this?

A

carbohydrate (glucose)

61
Q

What macromolecule is this?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

62
Q

What macromolecule is this?

A

Lipid (triglyceride)

63
Q

What process is occurring in this image?

A

deyhdration synthesis

Note: water is being lost and a protein with 2 amino acids connected is being made

64
Q

What macromolecule is this?

A

Protein

65
Q

What kind of bond joins amino acids to build a protein chain?

A

peptide bond

66
Q

What kind of bond holds nitrogen bases together in a DNA molecule?

A

Hydrogen bond

67
Q

DNA strands are said to be __________________because they run alongside each other but in opposite directions.

A

antiparallel

68
Q

DNA strands are said to be ______________________because one side determines what the other side will be based on the base pairing rules.

A

complementary

69
Q

What are the base pairing rules between two DNA strands?

A

Adenine (A) double hydrogen bonds with Thymine (T)

Cytosine triple hydrogen bonds with Guanine (G)

70
Q

What are the base pairing rules between DNA and RNA during transcription?

A

DNA has A(adennine) then RNA has U(Uracil)

DNA has T(thymine then RNA has A(adenine)

DNA has C(Cytosine) then RNA has G (Guanine)

DNA has G(Guanine) then RNA has C (cytosine)

Biology Keystone Preparation (5 decks)

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