Biochemistry Unit

Question 1

What are monomers?

Answer 1

units that combine to form polymers(macromolecules)

Question 2

What are the monomers of proteins?

Answer 2

amino acids

Question 3

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Answer 3

nucleotides

Question 4

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Answer 4

monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose)

Question 5

What are the monomers of lipids?

Answer 5

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 6

What process occurs to build a polymer(macromolecule)?

Answer 6

dehydration synthesis (water is releases during the process)

Question 7

What process occurs to break apart a polymer?

Answer 7

hydrolysis (water is needed for this to occur)

Question 8

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 8

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

Question 9

What is the property of water demonstrated when water stickd to a different substance?

Answer 9

adhesion

Question 10

What is the property of water demonstrated when water froms droplets because it sticks to itself?

Answer 10

cohesion

Question 11

What property of water allows water to travel up the stem of a plant against gravity?

Answer 11

capillary action (adhesion and cohesion together allow this to occur)

Question 12

What property allows water to be cohesive?

Answer 12

water is polar …called polarity…because oxygen portion has a negative charge and the hydrogen portion has a positive charge

Question 13

What is polarity?

Answer 13

oxygen portion has a negative charge and the hydrogen portion has a positive charge

Question 14

What kind of bond forms between 2 water molecules allowing cohesion to occur?

Answer 14

hydrogen bond…which is an attraction of opposite charges (positive hydrogen on one water molecule is being attrated to other water molecules negative oxygen)

Question 15

What is the universal solvent and why?

Answer 15

Water…because it is polar and can dissolve many molecules

Question 16

What are the three monosaccharides?

Answer 16

glucose, galactose, and fructose

Question 17

What do animals store their polysaccharides as? Where do animals store thispolysaccharide?

Answer 17

animals store many many glucose molecules joined together to form a molecule called glycogen ….glycogen is then stored in the skeletal muscle and liver until it needs to be released into the blood stream

Question 18

What are the two plant polysaccharides?

Answer 18

starch(what we consumers eat) and cellulose(component of paper and plant cell walls)

Question 19

What are the functions of carbohydrates for living things?

Answer 19

energy and make up cell wall in plant cells

Question 20

What is the function of nucleic acids for living things?

Answer 20

store, transmit hereditary information …….DNA has the codes to make proteins

Question 21

What are the functions of lipids for living things?

Answer 21

insulation, waterproof barrier, makes up major part of the cell membrane, stored energy, steroids hormones

Question 22

What are the functions of proteins for living things?

Answer 22

enzymes (like catalase), protein hormones(like insulin), storage, transport (like hemoglobin), structural (like collagen, elastin, keratin), defensive (like antibodies), channels in cell membrane (like sodium potassium pump or ATP synthase), contractile (like actin and myosin)

Question 23

A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

Answer 23

enzyme

Question 24

catalyst

Answer 24

an enzyme that speeds up a chemical reaction

Question 25

Are enzymes changed when they catalyze a reaction?

Answer 25

no...when they are done they can immediately catalyze another reaction

Question 26

Do enzymes have specificity? Explain

Answer 26

yes...this means that one kind of enzyme can only speed up one kind of reaction Ex: catalase can only speed up the break down of hydrogen peroxide

Question 27

What happens to an enzyme if the temperature or pH of the enzyme's environment is drastically changed?

Answer 27

The enzyme is denatured....which means that the enzyme loses its proper shape...and can no longer perform its function

Question 28

smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical and physical properties of that element

Answer 28

atom

Question 29

Name the four macromolecules

Answer 29

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Question 30

macromolecule that contains a ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogens: 1 oxygen

Answer 30

Carboyhdrate

Question 31

The smallest particle of a substance that retains chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical forces

Answer 31

Molecule

Question 32

What macromolecule is composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphate?

Answer 32

nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

Question 33

What element does an organic molecule contain?

Answer 33

organic molecules contain the element carbon

Question 34

The measure of heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval.

Answer 34

specific heat

Question 35

Does water have a high or low specific heat?

Answer 35

High specific heat

Question 36

How does our body regulate the pH levels in our blood?

Answer 36

Uses buffers ...which are either acid or bases used to take the pH level to normal

Question 37

What is the measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution?

Answer 37

pH

Question 38

pH of 0 to 6 is considered to be....

Answer 38

an acid

Question 39

pH of 7 is considered to be....

Answer 39

neutral

Question 40

pH of 8-14 is considered to be.....

Answer 40

a base

Question 41

What property of water is demonstrated by a water spider floating on top of the water in a pond?

Answer 41

surface tension created by the cohesion of water moleucles

Question 42

What element CAN NOT be in an inorganic molecule?

Answer 42

carbon

Question 43

A substance that is not disolved in water but separated into tiny pieces. Give an example.

Answer 43

suspension (think of Italian salad dressing)

Question 44

A mixture of ions dispersed in water evenly ...dissolved. Give an example.

Answer 44

solution (think of sugar water)

Question 45

A(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is an atom that has a lost or gained an electron.

Answer 45

ion

Question 46

A change in the number of neutrons in an atom is called an

Answer 46

isotope

Question 47

A(n)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_bond joins one water molecule to another water molecule.

Answer 47

hydrogen bond

Question 48

What macromolecule is insoluble in water?

Answer 48

lipid

Question 49

A(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_bond is when an atom transfers electron(s) to another atom.

Answer 49

ionic bond

Question 50

.A(n)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_bond is when electrons are shared between two atoms.

Answer 50

covalent bond

Question 51

The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_are the reactants that enter the enzymes active site.

Answer 51

substrates

Question 52

What is the sugar in RNA?

Answer 52

Ribose

Question 53

What reactions absorb energy and cannot occur spontaneously?

Answer 53

endothermic reactions

Question 54

What is the unhealthy fat for your diet?

Answer 54

saturated fat because it does not have any double carbon bonds and therefore stacks in your arteries easily

Question 55

What are the types of chemical bonds from the weakest to the strongest?

Answer 55

van der wals....hydrogen bond....ionic bond......covalent bond

Question 56

How do enzymes work?

Answer 56

enzymes lower the activation energy (energy needed to bring molecules together) They accomplish this by their shape...the substrates fit into the active site of the enzyme bringing the substrates in the correct orientation to either join or split apart. Otherwise it takes longer because the substrates would have to bounce around until they are in the correct orientation to join or break apart(Called lock and key fit)

Question 57

Most wines have a pH of 2.8 and bananas have a pH of 4.5 …Which is a stronger acid?

Answer 57

wines

Question 58

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_are the two subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom.

Answer 58

protons(positive charge) and neutrons (no charge)

Question 59

What subatomic particle has a negative charge and is found in the orbitals of an atom?

Answer 59

electrons

Question 60

What macromolecule is this?

Answer 60

carbohydrate (glucose)

Question 61

What macromolecule is this?

Answer 61

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 62

What macromolecule is this?

Answer 62

Lipid (triglyceride)

Question 63

What process is occurring in this image?

Answer 63

deyhdration synthesis Note: water is being lost and a protein with 2 amino acids connected is being made

Question 64

What macromolecule is this?

Answer 64

Protein

Question 65

What kind of bond joins amino acids to build a protein chain?

Answer 65

peptide bond

Question 66

What kind of bond holds nitrogen bases together in a DNA molecule?

Answer 66

Hydrogen bond

Question 67

DNA strands are said to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_because they run alongside each other but in opposite directions.

Answer 67

antiparallel

Question 68

DNA strands are said to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_because one side determines what the other side will be based on the base pairing rules.

Answer 68

complementary

Question 69

What are the base pairing rules between two DNA strands?

Answer 69

Adenine (A) double hydrogen bonds with Thymine (T) Cytosine triple hydrogen bonds with Guanine (G)

Question 70

What are the base pairing rules between DNA and RNA during transcription?

Answer 70

DNA has A(adennine) then RNA has U(Uracil) DNA has T(thymine then RNA has A(adenine) DNA has C(Cytosine) then RNA has G (Guanine) DNA has G(Guanine) then RNA has C (cytosine)