Biochemistry Unit Flashcards
What are monomers?
units that combine to form polymers(macromolecules)
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose)
What are the monomers of lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What process occurs to build a polymer(macromolecule)?
dehydration synthesis (water is releases during the process)
What process occurs to break apart a polymer?
hydrolysis (water is needed for this to occur)
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What is the property of water demonstrated when water stickd to a different substance?
adhesion
What is the property of water demonstrated when water froms droplets because it sticks to itself?
cohesion
What property of water allows water to travel up the stem of a plant against gravity?
capillary action (adhesion and cohesion together allow this to occur)
What property allows water to be cohesive?
water is polar …called polarity…because oxygen portion has a negative charge and the hydrogen portion has a positive charge
What is polarity?
oxygen portion has a negative charge and the hydrogen portion has a positive charge
What kind of bond forms between 2 water molecules allowing cohesion to occur?
hydrogen bond…which is an attraction of opposite charges (positive hydrogen on one water molecule is being attrated to other water molecules negative oxygen)
What is the universal solvent and why?
Water…because it is polar and can dissolve many molecules
What are the three monosaccharides?
glucose, galactose, and fructose
What do animals store their polysaccharides as? Where do animals store thispolysaccharide?
animals store many many glucose molecules joined together to form a molecule called glycogen ….glycogen is then stored in the skeletal muscle and liver until it needs to be released into the blood stream
What are the two plant polysaccharides?
starch(what we consumers eat) and cellulose(component of paper and plant cell walls)
What are the functions of carbohydrates for living things?
energy and make up cell wall in plant cells
What is the function of nucleic acids for living things?
store, transmit hereditary information …….DNA has the codes to make proteins
What are the functions of lipids for living things?
insulation, waterproof barrier, makes up major part of the cell membrane, stored energy, steroids hormones
What are the functions of proteins for living things?
enzymes (like catalase), protein hormones(like insulin), storage, transport (like hemoglobin), structural (like collagen, elastin, keratin), defensive (like antibodies), channels in cell membrane (like sodium potassium pump or ATP synthase), contractile (like actin and myosin)
A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
enzyme
catalyst
an enzyme that speeds up a chemical reaction
Are enzymes changed when they catalyze a reaction?
no…when they are done they can immediately catalyze another reaction
Do enzymes have specificity? Explain
yes…this means that one kind of enzyme can only speed up one kind of reaction Ex: catalase can only speed up the break down of hydrogen peroxide
What happens to an enzyme if the temperature or pH of the enzyme’s environment is drastically changed?
The enzyme is denatured….which means that the enzyme loses its proper shape…and can no longer perform its function
smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical and physical properties of that element
atom
Name the four macromolecules
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
macromolecule that contains a ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogens: 1 oxygen
Carboyhdrate
The smallest particle of a substance that retains chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical forces
Molecule
What macromolecule is composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphate?
nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
What element does an organic molecule contain?
organic molecules contain the element carbon
The measure of heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval.
specific heat
Does water have a high or low specific heat?
High specific heat
How does our body regulate the pH levels in our blood?
Uses buffers …which are either acid or bases used to take the pH level to normal
What is the measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution?
pH
pH of 0 to 6 is considered to be….
an acid
pH of 7 is considered to be….
neutral
pH of 8-14 is considered to be…..
a base
What property of water is demonstrated by a water spider floating on top of the water in a pond?
surface tension created by the cohesion of water moleucles
What element CAN NOT be in an inorganic molecule?
carbon
A substance that is not disolved in water but separated into tiny pieces. Give an example.
suspension (think of Italian salad dressing)
A mixture of ions dispersed in water evenly …dissolved. Give an example.
solution (think of sugar water)
A(n) ________________________is an atom that has a lost or gained an electron.
ion
A change in the number of neutrons in an atom is called an
isotope
A(n)_____________________bond joins one water molecule to another water molecule.
hydrogen bond
What macromolecule is insoluble in water?
lipid
A(n) ________________________bond is when an atom transfers electron(s) to another atom.
ionic bond
.A(n)______________________________bond is when electrons are shared between two atoms.
covalent bond
The _________________________are the reactants that enter the enzymes active site.
substrates
What is the sugar in RNA?
Ribose
What reactions absorb energy and cannot occur spontaneously?
endothermic reactions
What is the unhealthy fat for your diet?
saturated fat because it does not have any double carbon bonds and therefore stacks in your arteries easily
What are the types of chemical bonds from the weakest to the strongest?
van der wals….hydrogen bond….ionic bond……covalent bond
How do enzymes work?
enzymes lower the activation energy (energy needed to bring molecules together) They accomplish this by their shape…the substrates fit into the active site of the enzyme bringing the substrates in the correct orientation to either join or split apart. Otherwise it takes longer because the substrates would have to bounce around until they are in the correct orientation to join or break apart(Called lock and key fit)
Most wines have a pH of 2.8 and bananas have a pH of 4.5 …Which is a stronger acid?
wines
_________________________and ________________________are the two subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom.
protons(positive charge) and neutrons (no charge)
What subatomic particle has a negative charge and is found in the orbitals of an atom?
electrons
What macromolecule is this?
carbohydrate (glucose)
What macromolecule is this?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
What macromolecule is this?
Lipid (triglyceride)
What process is occurring in this image?
deyhdration synthesis
Note: water is being lost and a protein with 2 amino acids connected is being made
What macromolecule is this?
Protein
What kind of bond joins amino acids to build a protein chain?
peptide bond
What kind of bond holds nitrogen bases together in a DNA molecule?
Hydrogen bond
DNA strands are said to be __________________because they run alongside each other but in opposite directions.
antiparallel
DNA strands are said to be ______________________because one side determines what the other side will be based on the base pairing rules.
complementary
What are the base pairing rules between two DNA strands?
Adenine (A) double hydrogen bonds with Thymine (T)
Cytosine triple hydrogen bonds with Guanine (G)
What are the base pairing rules between DNA and RNA during transcription?
DNA has A(adennine) then RNA has U(Uracil)
DNA has T(thymine then RNA has A(adenine)
DNA has C(Cytosine) then RNA has G (Guanine)
DNA has G(Guanine) then RNA has C (cytosine)
